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Psychology > Chapter 2 - Psychological Research > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Psychological Research Flashcards

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1
Q

list of questions to be answered by research participants- given as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally-allowing researchers to collect data from a large number of people

A

survey

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2
Q

purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment

A

deception

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3
Q

method of experimental group assignment in which all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group

A

random assignment

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4
Q

results are predicted based on a general premise

A

deductive reasoning

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5
Q

unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in on variable causes changes in other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables

A

confounding variable

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6
Q

when observations may be skewed to align with observer expectations

A

observer bias

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7
Q

experiment in which the researcher knows which participants are in the experimental group and which are in the control group

A

single-blind study

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8
Q

description of what actions and operations will be used to measure the dependent variables and manipulate the independent variables

A

operational definition

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9
Q

relationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does

A

correlation

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10
Q

subjects of psychological research

A

participants

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11
Q

article read by several other scientists with expertise in the subject matter, who provide feedback regarding the quality of the manuscript before it is accepted for publication

A

peer-reviewed journal article

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12
Q

researcher expectations skew the results of the study

A

experimenter bias

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13
Q

reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

A

attrition

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14
Q

repeating an experiment using different samples to determine the research’s reliability

A

replicate

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15
Q

personal judgements, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate

A

opinion

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16
Q

conclusions are drawn from observations

A

inductive reasoning

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17
Q

two variables change in different directions, with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller

A

negative correlation

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18
Q

well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

A

theory

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19
Q

group designed to answer the research question; experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, so any differences between the two are due to experimental manipulation rather than chance

A

experimental group

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20
Q

inferring that the results for a sample apply to the larger population

A

generalize

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21
Q

consistency and reproducibility of a given result

A

reliability

22
Q

committee of administrators, scientists, veterinarians, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving non-human animals

A

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

23
Q

method of research using past records or data sets to answer various research questions, or to search for interesting patterns or relationships

A

archival research

24
Q

tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables

A

hypothesis (plural: hypotheses)

25
Q

variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter; in a sound experimental study, the independent variable is the only important difference between the experimental and control group

A

independent variable

26
Q

compares multiple segments of a population at a single time

A

cross-sectional research

27
Q

two variables change in the same direction, both becoming either larger or smaller

A

positive correlation

28
Q

studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over and extended period of time

A

longitudinal research

29
Q

subset of a larger population in which every member of the population has a equal chance of being selected

A

random sample

30
Q

process of informing a research participant about what to expect during an experiment, any risks involved, and the implications of the research, and then obtaining the person’s consent to participate

A

informed consent

31
Q

variable that the researcher measures to see how much effect the independent variable has

A

dependent variable

32
Q

serves as a basis for comparison and controls for chance factors that might influence the results of the study- by holding such factors constant across groups so that the experimental manipulation is the only difference between groups

A

control group

33
Q

accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure

A

validity

34
Q

people’s expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation

A

placebo effect

35
Q

when a experiment involved deception, participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment at its conclusion

A

debriefing

36
Q

observation of behavior in its natural setting

A

naturalistic observation

37
Q

number from -1 to +1 indicating the strength and direction of the relationship between variables, and usually represented by “r”

A

correlation coefficient

38
Q

overall group of individuals that the researchers are interested in

A

population

39
Q

subset of individuals selected from the larger population

A

sample

40
Q

observational research study focusing on one or a few people

A

clinical or case study

41
Q

committee of administrators, scientists, and community members that reviews proposals for research involving human participants

A

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

42
Q

experiment in which both the researchers and the participants are blind to group assignments

A

double-blind study

43
Q

grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing

A

empirical

44
Q

seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists

A

illusory correlation

45
Q

tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs

A

confirmation bias

46
Q

determines how likely any difference between experimental groups is due to chance

A

statistical analysis

47
Q

able to be disproven by experimental results

A

falsifiable

48
Q

changes in one variable cause the changes in other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design

A

cause-and-effect relationship

49
Q

measure of agreement among observers on how they record and classify a particular event

A

inter-rater reliability

50
Q

objective and verifiable observation, established using evidence collected through empirical research

A

fact

Psychology (5 decks)

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