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IB C129 > Chapter 2: Preliminary Health Screening and Risk Classification > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Preliminary Health Screening and Risk Classification Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q)?

A

to determine a client’s readiness for physical activity and determine if further medical clearance is necessary

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2
Q

When should a patient be referred to a physician to obtain medical clearance after filling out the PAR-Q?

A

if they answered yes to any of the questions on the questionnaire

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3
Q

What are you trying to determine through the pre-assessment screening procedures?

A
  1. recognition of known C-V, metabolic, renal diseases and presence of major signs/symptoms suggestive of dz
  2. is client currently exercising regularly?
  3. recommendations for medical clearance and level of exercise intensity
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4
Q

What 4 items should the client complete during preliminary health screening and evaluation?

A
  1. PAR-Q
  2. medical history questionnaire
  3. lifestyle evaluation
  4. informed consent form
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5
Q

What is the Physical Activity Readiness Medical Examination (PARmed-X)?

A

a physical activity-specific checklist used by the physician to assess and convey medical clearance for physical activity participation, or to make a referral to a medically supervised exercise program for individuals who answered yes to a PAR-Q question

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6
Q

What are the 8 positive risk factors of coronary heart disease?

A
  1. age
  2. family history
  3. cigarette smoking
  4. hypertension
  5. dyslipidemia
  6. prediabetes
  7. obesity
  8. sedentary lifestyle
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7
Q

What is a negative risk factor of coronary heart disease?

A

high HDL-C (subtract from total risk factors)

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8
Q

What should you do if a client will not or cannot provide the information you need to include or exclude a positive risk factor?

A

include it in your total risk factor count (except for prediabetes, which should only be included if a patient has BMI>25)

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9
Q

Which individuals comprise the low CHD risk category?

A

people asymptomatic w/ no more than one major risk factor

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10
Q

Which individuals comprise the moderate CHD risk category?

A

people asymptomatic and have two or more risk factors

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11
Q

Which individuals comprise the high CHD risk category?

A

individuals who have one or more signs or symptoms of cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, or metabolic disease or individuals with who have these diseases

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12
Q

What is the SCORE system?

A

tool that can be used to estimate the 10 year risk of a first fatal cardiovascular event due to atherosclerosis for Europeans

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13
Q

What is the Relative Risk Chart?

A

tool that can be used to educate younger people how their risk for an atherosclerotic event is affected by lifestyle choices and modifiable risk factors

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14
Q

What are two ways from which you can obtain a lifestyle profile from your clients?

A
  1. the Lifestyle Evaluation form

2. the Fantastic Lifestyle Checklist

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15
Q

What is included in the informed consent form?

A
  1. the purpose and nature of each physical fitness test
  2. any inherent risks in the testing
  3. the expected benefits of the tests
  4. ensures confidentiality
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16
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

a measure of the force or pressure exerted by the blood on the arteries

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17
Q

What is systolic blood pressure?

A

pressure when the heart contracts and the arteries fill with blood

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18
Q

What is diastolic blood pressure?

A

pressure when the heart relaxes/fills with blood

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19
Q

What is the pulse pressure?

A

the difference between the systolic and diastolic BPs

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20
Q

What are some of the drugs available to treat hypertension?

A
  • diuretics
  • beta blockers
  • direct renin inhibitors
  • potassium channel openers
  • sympathetic nerve inhibitors
  • vasodilators
  • angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
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21
Q

What is the difference between individuals with absolute and relative contraindications to exercise testing?

A

individuals w/ absolute contraindications should not be given a graded exercise test unless their condition has been stabilized or medically treated

individuals w/ relative contraindications may perform exercise tests if the benefits outweigh the risks

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22
Q

How is blood pressure typically measured in clinical or field settings?

A

indirectly by auscultation or oscillometry

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23
Q

What are some sources of error when measuring BP?

A
  • improper cuff width or length
  • inaccurate sphygmomanometer
  • cuff no centered, too loose, over clothing
  • improper rate of inflation
  • background noise
  • improper stethoscope placement or pressure
  • arm unsupported or elbow lower than heart level
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24
Q

Why are mercury column manometers preferred over aneroid manometers?

A
  • mercury manometers based on gravity, leaving little room for mechanical errors
  • aneroid manometers must be calibrated frequently (every 6 months)
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25
Q

What are some benefits to using oscillometric devices for measuring BP?

A
  • they require little technician training

- they require less calibration and maintenance

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26
Q

What are some disadvantages of oscillometric devices for measuring BP?

A

may misestimate the BP of clients having irregular heart rhythms

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27
Q

What are some of the concerns with mercury column manometers?

A

their environmental impact, and thus the NIH is trying to phase them out

28
Q

What is a hybrid sphygmomanometer? How are they used?

A

combines features of both electronic and auscultatory BP devices; the mercury column is replaced w/ an electronic pressure gauge

technician uses stethoscope to listen and presses button to show numbers at systolic and diastolic pressures

29
Q

What are the tapping sounds heard as the BP cuff is gradually deflated called?

A

Korotkoff sounds

30
Q

What is terminal digit bias?

A

the tendency of the technician to round BP values to the nearest 0 or 5 mmHg instead of reporting values rounded to the nearest even number

31
Q

What is an advantage of automated BP devices?

A

they eliminate terminal digit bias

32
Q

How does posture affect BP?

A

BP increases from lying (supine) to sitting to standing

33
Q

How does raising the arm above heart level affect BP?

A

underestimates BP

34
Q

How does positioning the arm below heart level affect BP?

A

overestimates BP

35
Q

What is white coat hypertension?

A

condition where individuals who are normotensive outside of clinical environment become hypertensive when their BP is measured by a health professional

36
Q

Which method of BP measuring leads to a higher (5x) likelihood of white coat hypertension?

A

the traditional manual method (compared w/ automated BP readings)

37
Q

How does white coat hypertension affect CVD risk?

A

increased risk of CVD

38
Q

What is masked hypertension?

A

condition where individuals exhibit elevated BP readings outside of the physician’s office yet have normal BP values in the office

39
Q

Is white coat hypertension more prevalent in older or younger adults? Women or men?

A

older adults, women

40
Q

Is masked hypertension more prevalent in older or younger adults?

A

younger adults

41
Q

What is miscuffing?

A

undercuffing or overcuffing, a source of measurement error caused by using a BP cuff with a bladder that is not appropriately scaled for the client’s arm circumference

42
Q

What is undercuffing?

A

occurs when the bladder is too small for the arm circumference, leading to an OVERESTIMATION of BP

43
Q

What is cuff hypertension?

A

the overestimation of BP due to undercuffing

44
Q

What is overcuffing?

A

the UNDERESTIMATION of BP because the bladder is too large for the arm circumference

45
Q

When should a conical cuff be used?

A

for adults w/ a larger proximal upper arm than distal upper arm

46
Q

What is bradycardia?

A

condition of resting heart rate below 60 bpm

47
Q

What is tachycardia?

A

condition of resting heart rate above 100 bpm

48
Q

What are four ways of measuring heart rate?

A
  1. auscultation (stethoscope)
  2. palpation
  3. heart rate monitors
  4. ECG monitoring system
49
Q

What are the sites of palpation for measuring heart rate?

A

brachial artery, carotid artery, radial artery, temporal artery

50
Q

Why shouldn’t you use the thumb to palpate?

A

because it has a pulse of its own and may produce an inaccurate count

51
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

receptors in the carotid site that cause a reflex of slowing heart rate in response to pressure

52
Q

What is an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

A

a composite record of the electrical events in the heart during the cardiac cycle

53
Q

What is the purpose of the health evaluation?

A

detect the presence of disease and assess initial disease risk classification of clients

54
Q

What 3 things are you trying to obtain through a medical history questionaire?

A
  1. examine client record of personal illnesses (surgery, etc)
  2. assess previous medical diagnoses and s/sxs
  3. analyze client family history
55
Q

T/F: Some individuals have medical conditions and risk factors that outweigh potential benefits of exercise testing

A

True

56
Q

What is normal bp (normotensive) defined as?

A

values less than 120/80 mmHg

57
Q

What is prehypertension defined as?

A

systolic 120-139 and diastolic 80-89

58
Q

What is hypertension stage 1 defined as?

A

systolic 140-59 and diastolic 90-99

59
Q

What are some ways for prehypertensive people to reduce their risk of developing hypertension?

A
  • losing body weight
  • adopt healthy diet
    restrict dietary sodium intake to < 2.4g per day
  • engage in aerobic physical activity at least 150min/wk
  • limit alcohol consumption
60
Q

What do diuretics do?

A

rid body of excess salt and fluids

61
Q

What do beta-blockers do?

A

reduce heart rate and cardiac output

62
Q

What do direct vasodilators do?

A

induce relaxation in the smooth muscle of arterial walls

63
Q

What do potassium channel openers do?

A

hyperpolarize vascular smooth muscles and endothelial cells

64
Q

What do sympathetic nerve inhibitors do?

A

prevent constriction of arterioles

65
Q

What is hypertension stage 2 defined as?

A

systolic >160 and diastolic >100

66
Q

How is bp measured by auscultation?

A

using stethoscope and sphygmomanometer (bp cuff and mercury column or aneroid manometer)

67
Q

How is bp measured by oscillometry?

A

automated electronic manometer

IB C129 (11 decks)

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