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IB C129 > Chapter 1: Physical Activity, Health, and Chronic Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Physical Activity, Health, and Chronic Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fourth leading cause of global mortality?

A

physical inactivity (each year 1.9million people die as a result of physical inactivity)

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2
Q

What is a metabolic equivalent of task (MET)?

A

the ratio of the person’s working (exercising) metabolic activity to the resting metabolic rate: e.g. 1 MET is defined as the energy cost of sitting quietly

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3
Q

What is moderate-intensity aerobic activity?

A

activity that noticeably increases heart rate and lasts more than 10 minutes (e.g., brisk walking) MET 3-6

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4
Q

What is vigorous-intensity activity?

A

activity that causes rapid breathing and increases heart rate substantially (e.g., running or jogging) >6 MET

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5
Q

What are some of the health benefits of physical activity?

A

lower risk of dying prematurely and noncommunicable diseases, reduction of obesity and depression/anxiety, helps in sleep, weight loss, cognitive function

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6
Q

What is exercise deficit disorder (EDD)?

A

term used to identify children who do not attain at least 60 min of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity on a daily basis

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7
Q

Is it better to perform physical activity in a single session or in bouts?

A

in bouts

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8
Q

What is the dose-response relationship?

A

improvements in health benefits depend on the combination of frequency, intensity, and duration of physical activity - demonstrates that even a low level of physical activity can lead to notable health benefits

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9
Q

What is defined as “too much” physical activity? What can this consequentially result in?

A

engaging in 5+ hours of structured high-intensity activity per week

can have negative health consequences or overuse injuries

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10
Q

Which two diseases accounted for the greatest majority of deaths due to CVD?

A

the combination of stroke and ischemic heart disease

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11
Q

Is CVD more prevalent in men or women? Is CVD more prevalent in older than young?

A

neither; it is just that women tend to develop CVD later than men, and although older people are at greater risk, more than 50% with CVD are <65yrs old

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12
Q

What is coronary heart disease caused by?

A

myocardial ischemia, a lack of blood supply to the heart muscle caused by atherosclerosis

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13
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

the inflammatory process involving a buildup of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, scavenger cells, necrotic debris, smooth muscle cells, and fibrous tissue (PLAQUE)

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14
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

a temporary sensation fo tightening and heavy pressure in the chest and shoulder region

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15
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

a heart attack that can occur if a blood clot or ruptured plaque obstructs the coronary blood flow, usually reduces arteries by 80%

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16
Q

What are some positive cardiovascular disease risk factors?

A

age, family history, hypertension, high cholesterol, tobacco use, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity

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17
Q

How does an increased level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) affect CVD risk?

A

increased HDL-cholesterol = decreases CVD risk

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18
Q

What is hypertension?

A

a chronic, persistent elevation of blood pressure

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19
Q

What is elevated blood pressure/prehypertension?

A

term used to identify systolic blood pressure (SBP) values between 120 and 129 mmHg

20
Q

What is stage 1 hypertension?

A

SBP value of 130-139 mmHg; DBP value of 80 to 89 mmHg

21
Q

What is stage 2 hypertension?

A

SBP values >140mmHg; DBP values >90 mmHg

22
Q

What is hypercholesterolemia?

A

an elevation of total cholesterol (TC) in the blood

23
Q

What is hyperlipidemia?

A

an increase in blood lipid levels

24
Q

What is dyslipidemia?

A

an abnormal blood lipid profile

25
Q

What is a lipoprotein?

What are the four main classes of lipoproteins?

A

lipoprotein: essential part of complex transport system that exchanges lipids among liver, intestine, and peripheral tissues

  1. chylomicron (derived from intestinal absorption of triglycerides
  2. very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in liver
  3. low-density lipoprotein (LDL) produce of VLDL
  4. high-density lipoprotein (HDL) reverse transport of cholesterol to liver
26
Q

What is prediabetes?

A

medical condition identified by fasting blood glucose or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels that are above normal values but lower than the threshold for a diagnosis of diabetes

27
Q

What is Type 1 Diabetes?

A

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus - usually occurs in children and adolescents, but can develop at any age. Caused by autoimmune, genetic, or enrivo factors –> no prevention

28
Q

What is Type 2 Diabetes?

A

non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus - more common in middle aged and elderly adults.

29
Q

What is the obesity paradox?

A

obesity may be protective and associated w/ better prognosis in certain groups of people `

30
Q

What is metabolic syndrome?

A

individuals w/ 3 or more of a combination of CVD risk factors associated w/ hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and abdominal obesity

31
Q

What is osteoporosis? What is the most common and most devastating fractures?

A

a disease characterized by the loss of bone mineral content and bone mineral density due to factors such as aging, amenorrhea, malnutrition, menopause, and physical inactivity

common: wrist
devastating: hip

32
Q

What is osteopenia?

A

low bone mineral mass that is a precursor to osteoporosis

33
Q

What is FRAX?

A

an online tool to identify an individual’s 10 year risk of developing osteoporosis and experiencing a hip fracture

34
Q

What are telomeres?

A

repeated DNA sequences that determine the structure and function of chromosomes - with aging and stress, telomere length decreases

35
Q

What is autophagy?

A

occurs within the cytosol of cells and provides a means through which damaged proteins and organelles are sequestered, reduced to usable components, and recycled - decreases the effects of aging on skeletal muscle

36
Q

What is physical activity the best defense against?

A

the development of diseases, disorders, and illnesses

37
Q

What does the 150min moderate or 75 min vigorous exercise baseline prevent? What does it not prevent?

A

reduces risk of disease

does not prevent weight gain

38
Q

How many minutes of exercise per day prevents weight gain?

A

60 minutes

39
Q

What does excess LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) cause?

A

stimulates the formation of plaque on the intima of coronary arteries

40
Q

What is the largest preventable cause of disease and premature death?

A

smoking

41
Q

What cause is type 2 diabetes most closely related to?

A

obesity

42
Q

What BMI is defined is overweight?

A

25-30

43
Q

What BMI is defined as normal?

A

18.5-25

44
Q

What is the leading cause of death worldwide?

A

cancer

45
Q

What is the most common type of cancer?

A

lung

46
Q

How can one counteract age-related bone loss?

A

adequate calcium intake, vitamin D intake, and regular physical activity

IB C129 (11 decks)

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