Chapter 1: Physical Activity, Health, and Chronic Disease

Question 1

What is the fourth leading cause of global mortality?

Answer 1

physical inactivity (each year 1.9million people die as a result of physical inactivity)

Question 2

What is a metabolic equivalent of task (MET)?

Answer 2

the ratio of the person’s working (exercising) metabolic activity to the resting metabolic rate: e.g. 1 MET is defined as the energy cost of sitting quietly

Question 3

What is moderate-intensity aerobic activity?

Answer 3

activity that noticeably increases heart rate and lasts more than 10 minutes (e.g., brisk walking) MET 3-6

Question 4

What is vigorous-intensity activity?

Answer 4

activity that causes rapid breathing and increases heart rate substantially (e.g., running or jogging) >6 MET

Question 5

What are some of the health benefits of physical activity?

Answer 5

lower risk of dying prematurely and noncommunicable diseases, reduction of obesity and depression/anxiety, helps in sleep, weight loss, cognitive function

Question 6

What is exercise deficit disorder (EDD)?

Answer 6

term used to identify children who do not attain at least 60 min of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity on a daily basis

Question 7

Is it better to perform physical activity in a single session or in bouts?

Answer 7

in bouts

Question 8

What is the dose-response relationship?

Answer 8

improvements in health benefits depend on the combination of frequency, intensity, and duration of physical activity - demonstrates that even a low level of physical activity can lead to notable health benefits

Question 9

What is defined as “too much” physical activity? What can this consequentially result in?

Answer 9

engaging in 5+ hours of structured high-intensity activity per week

can have negative health consequences or overuse injuries

Question 10

Which two diseases accounted for the greatest majority of deaths due to CVD?

Answer 10

the combination of stroke and ischemic heart disease

Question 11

Is CVD more prevalent in men or women? Is CVD more prevalent in older than young?

Answer 11

neither; it is just that women tend to develop CVD later than men, and although older people are at greater risk, more than 50% with CVD are <65yrs old

Question 12

What is coronary heart disease caused by?

Answer 12

myocardial ischemia, a lack of blood supply to the heart muscle caused by atherosclerosis

Question 13

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 13

the inflammatory process involving a buildup of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, scavenger cells, necrotic debris, smooth muscle cells, and fibrous tissue (PLAQUE)

Question 14

What is angina pectoris?

Answer 14

a temporary sensation fo tightening and heavy pressure in the chest and shoulder region

Question 15

What is a myocardial infarction?

Answer 15

a heart attack that can occur if a blood clot or ruptured plaque obstructs the coronary blood flow, usually reduces arteries by 80%

Question 16

What are some positive cardiovascular disease risk factors?

Answer 16

age, family history, hypertension, high cholesterol, tobacco use, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity

Question 17

How does an increased level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) affect CVD risk?

Answer 17

increased HDL-cholesterol = decreases CVD risk

Question 18

What is hypertension?

Answer 18

a chronic, persistent elevation of blood pressure

Question 19

What is elevated blood pressure/prehypertension?

Answer 19

term used to identify systolic blood pressure (SBP) values between 120 and 129 mmHg

Question 20

What is stage 1 hypertension?

Answer 20

SBP value of 130-139 mmHg; DBP value of 80 to 89 mmHg

Question 21

What is stage 2 hypertension?

Answer 21

SBP values >140mmHg; DBP values >90 mmHg

Question 22

What is hypercholesterolemia?

Answer 22

an elevation of total cholesterol (TC) in the blood

Question 23

What is hyperlipidemia?

Answer 23

an increase in blood lipid levels

Question 24

What is dyslipidemia?

Answer 24

an abnormal blood lipid profile

Question 25

What is a lipoprotein? | What are the four main classes of lipoproteins?

Answer 25

lipoprotein: essential part of complex transport system that exchanges lipids among liver, intestine, and peripheral tissues 1. chylomicron (derived from intestinal absorption of triglycerides 2. very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in liver 3. low-density lipoprotein (LDL) produce of VLDL 4. high-density lipoprotein (HDL) reverse transport of cholesterol to liver

Question 26

What is prediabetes?

Answer 26

medical condition identified by fasting blood glucose or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels that are above normal values but lower than the threshold for a diagnosis of diabetes

Question 27

What is Type 1 Diabetes?

Answer 27

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus - usually occurs in children and adolescents, but can develop at any age. Caused by autoimmune, genetic, or enrivo factors --> no prevention

Question 28

What is Type 2 Diabetes?

Answer 28

non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus - more common in middle aged and elderly adults.

Question 29

What is the obesity paradox?

Answer 29

obesity may be protective and associated w/ better prognosis in certain groups of people `

Question 30

What is metabolic syndrome?

Answer 30

individuals w/ 3 or more of a combination of CVD risk factors associated w/ hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and abdominal obesity

Question 31

What is osteoporosis? What is the most common and most devastating fractures?

Answer 31

a disease characterized by the loss of bone mineral content and bone mineral density due to factors such as aging, amenorrhea, malnutrition, menopause, and physical inactivity common: wrist devastating: hip

Question 32

What is osteopenia?

Answer 32

low bone mineral mass that is a precursor to osteoporosis

Question 33

What is FRAX?

Answer 33

an online tool to identify an individual's 10 year risk of developing osteoporosis and experiencing a hip fracture

Question 34

What are telomeres?

Answer 34

repeated DNA sequences that determine the structure and function of chromosomes - with aging and stress, telomere length decreases

Question 35

What is autophagy?

Answer 35

occurs within the cytosol of cells and provides a means through which damaged proteins and organelles are sequestered, reduced to usable components, and recycled - decreases the effects of aging on skeletal muscle

Question 36

What is physical activity the best defense against?

Answer 36

the development of diseases, disorders, and illnesses

Question 37

What does the 150min moderate or 75 min vigorous exercise baseline prevent? What does it not prevent?

Answer 37

reduces risk of disease | does not prevent weight gain

Question 38

How many minutes of exercise per day prevents weight gain?

Answer 38

60 minutes

Question 39

What does excess LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) cause?

Answer 39

stimulates the formation of plaque on the intima of coronary arteries

Question 40

What is the largest preventable cause of disease and premature death?

Answer 40

smoking

Question 41

What cause is type 2 diabetes most closely related to?

Answer 41

obesity

Question 42

What BMI is defined is overweight?

Answer 42

25-30

Question 43

What BMI is defined as normal?

Answer 43

18.5-25

Question 44

What is the leading cause of death worldwide?

Answer 44

cancer

Question 45

What is the most common type of cancer?

Answer 45

lung

Question 46

How can one counteract age-related bone loss?

Answer 46

adequate calcium intake, vitamin D intake, and regular physical activity