Chapter 1: Physical Activity, Health, and Chronic Disease Flashcards
What is the fourth leading cause of global mortality?
physical inactivity (each year 1.9million people die as a result of physical inactivity)
What is a metabolic equivalent of task (MET)?
the ratio of the person’s working (exercising) metabolic activity to the resting metabolic rate: e.g. 1 MET is defined as the energy cost of sitting quietly
What is moderate-intensity aerobic activity?
activity that noticeably increases heart rate and lasts more than 10 minutes (e.g., brisk walking) MET 3-6
What is vigorous-intensity activity?
activity that causes rapid breathing and increases heart rate substantially (e.g., running or jogging) >6 MET
What are some of the health benefits of physical activity?
lower risk of dying prematurely and noncommunicable diseases, reduction of obesity and depression/anxiety, helps in sleep, weight loss, cognitive function
What is exercise deficit disorder (EDD)?
term used to identify children who do not attain at least 60 min of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity on a daily basis
Is it better to perform physical activity in a single session or in bouts?
in bouts
What is the dose-response relationship?
improvements in health benefits depend on the combination of frequency, intensity, and duration of physical activity - demonstrates that even a low level of physical activity can lead to notable health benefits
What is defined as “too much” physical activity? What can this consequentially result in?
engaging in 5+ hours of structured high-intensity activity per week
can have negative health consequences or overuse injuries
Which two diseases accounted for the greatest majority of deaths due to CVD?
the combination of stroke and ischemic heart disease
Is CVD more prevalent in men or women? Is CVD more prevalent in older than young?
neither; it is just that women tend to develop CVD later than men, and although older people are at greater risk, more than 50% with CVD are <65yrs old
What is coronary heart disease caused by?
myocardial ischemia, a lack of blood supply to the heart muscle caused by atherosclerosis
What is atherosclerosis?
the inflammatory process involving a buildup of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, scavenger cells, necrotic debris, smooth muscle cells, and fibrous tissue (PLAQUE)
What is angina pectoris?
a temporary sensation fo tightening and heavy pressure in the chest and shoulder region
What is a myocardial infarction?
a heart attack that can occur if a blood clot or ruptured plaque obstructs the coronary blood flow, usually reduces arteries by 80%
What are some positive cardiovascular disease risk factors?
age, family history, hypertension, high cholesterol, tobacco use, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity
How does an increased level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) affect CVD risk?
increased HDL-cholesterol = decreases CVD risk
What is hypertension?
a chronic, persistent elevation of blood pressure
What is elevated blood pressure/prehypertension?
term used to identify systolic blood pressure (SBP) values between 120 and 129 mmHg
What is stage 1 hypertension?
SBP value of 130-139 mmHg; DBP value of 80 to 89 mmHg
What is stage 2 hypertension?
SBP values >140mmHg; DBP values >90 mmHg
What is hypercholesterolemia?
an elevation of total cholesterol (TC) in the blood
What is hyperlipidemia?
an increase in blood lipid levels
What is dyslipidemia?
an abnormal blood lipid profile
What is a lipoprotein?
What are the four main classes of lipoproteins?
lipoprotein: essential part of complex transport system that exchanges lipids among liver, intestine, and peripheral tissues
- chylomicron (derived from intestinal absorption of triglycerides
- very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) in liver
- low-density lipoprotein (LDL) produce of VLDL
- high-density lipoprotein (HDL) reverse transport of cholesterol to liver
What is prediabetes?
medical condition identified by fasting blood glucose or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels that are above normal values but lower than the threshold for a diagnosis of diabetes
What is Type 1 Diabetes?
insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus - usually occurs in children and adolescents, but can develop at any age. Caused by autoimmune, genetic, or enrivo factors –> no prevention
What is Type 2 Diabetes?
non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus - more common in middle aged and elderly adults.
What is the obesity paradox?
obesity may be protective and associated w/ better prognosis in certain groups of people `
What is metabolic syndrome?
individuals w/ 3 or more of a combination of CVD risk factors associated w/ hypertension, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and abdominal obesity
What is osteoporosis? What is the most common and most devastating fractures?
a disease characterized by the loss of bone mineral content and bone mineral density due to factors such as aging, amenorrhea, malnutrition, menopause, and physical inactivity
common: wrist
devastating: hip
What is osteopenia?
low bone mineral mass that is a precursor to osteoporosis
What is FRAX?
an online tool to identify an individual’s 10 year risk of developing osteoporosis and experiencing a hip fracture
What are telomeres?
repeated DNA sequences that determine the structure and function of chromosomes - with aging and stress, telomere length decreases
What is autophagy?
occurs within the cytosol of cells and provides a means through which damaged proteins and organelles are sequestered, reduced to usable components, and recycled - decreases the effects of aging on skeletal muscle
What is physical activity the best defense against?
the development of diseases, disorders, and illnesses
What does the 150min moderate or 75 min vigorous exercise baseline prevent? What does it not prevent?
reduces risk of disease
does not prevent weight gain
How many minutes of exercise per day prevents weight gain?
60 minutes
What does excess LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) cause?
stimulates the formation of plaque on the intima of coronary arteries
What is the largest preventable cause of disease and premature death?
smoking
What cause is type 2 diabetes most closely related to?
obesity
What BMI is defined is overweight?
25-30
What BMI is defined as normal?
18.5-25
What is the leading cause of death worldwide?
cancer
What is the most common type of cancer?
lung
How can one counteract age-related bone loss?
adequate calcium intake, vitamin D intake, and regular physical activity
