CHAPTER 2: PHARMACOLOGIC PRINCIPLES Flashcards
additive effects
drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. ex: 1+1=2
adverse drug event
any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing or administer a prescribed medication
adverse drug reaction
any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose)
adverse effects
a general term for any undesirable effects that are a direct response to one or more drugs
agonist
a drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one ormolu receptors in the body
allergic reaction
an immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication; a type of adverse drug event
antagonist
a drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one more receptors in the body. Also called inhibitors
antagonistic effects
drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone (1+1 equals less than 2); it is usually caused by an antagonizing (blocking ore reducing) effects of one drug on another
bioavailability
a measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug and route (from 0% to 100%)
biotransformation
one or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug. Biotransformation occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active. AKA metabloism
blood-brain barrier
the barrier system that restrict the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities (e.g., bacteria, viruses) between the bloodstrem and the CNS. It still allows for the passage of essential substances such as oxygen
chemical name
the name that describe the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug
contraindication
any condition, esp one related to a disease state or patient characteristic, including current or recent drug therapy, that renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable
cytochrome P-450
the general name for a large class if enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions
dependence
a state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need, as for a drug
dissolution
the process by which solid forms of drugs disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before being absorbed into the circulation
drug
any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism
drug actions
the processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells (e.g. the action of a drug on a receptor protein) also called mechanism of action
drug classification
a method of grouping drugs; may be based on structure or therapeutic use
drug effects
the physiologic reactions of the body to a drug. They can be therapeutic or toxic and describe how the body is affected as a whole by the drug. The term onset, peak and duration are used to describe drug effects (most often referring to therapeutic effects)
drug-induced teratogenesis
the development of congenital anomalies or defects in the developing fetus caused by the toxic effects of drugs
drug interaction
alteration in the pharmacologic or pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs; it is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved drugs
duration of action
the length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elicit a response
enzymes
protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions, including those related to the body’s physiologic processes as well as those related to drug metabolism