Chapter 2 Part 1 test review

Question 1

Dendrites

Answer 1

The extension off the soma that receives neural messages.

Question 2

Myelin Sheath

Answer 2

The fatty insulation that allows messages to travel down a neuron.

Question 3

Antagonist

Answer 3

Drug that blocks a neurotransmitter.

Question 4

Agonist

Answer 4

drug that mimics a neurotransmitter.

Question 5

Dopamine

Answer 5

Influences movements, learning, attention, and emotion; linked to Parkinson’s Disease.

ex. Malfunction: too much= schizophrenia
too little= Parkinson’s disease

Question 6

Acetylcholine (Ach)

Answer 6

enables muscle action, learning, and memory: linked to Alzheimer’s Disease.

Question 7

Neurotransmission

Answer 7

The process of sending electrochemical messages throughout the body.

Question 8

Action Potential

Answer 8

When a neuron becomes depolarized in order to fire a message through a neuron.
Generated: movement of positively charged atoms

Question 9

Norepinephrine

Answer 9

Function: Helps control heartbeat, alertness, and arousal.

Ex. of malfunction: Not enough= depressed moods
prozac/antidepressant drugs raise serotonin levels

Question 10

Serotonin

Answer 10

Function: affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal.

Ex. of malfunction: too little= depression can be treated with Prozac

Question 11

Reuptake

Answer 11

The process of removing excess neurotransmitters from the synapse.

Question 12

The body is composed of cells that communicate with each other through ____ ____

Answer 12

Chemical Messages

Question 13

Soma/Cell Body

Answer 13

Life support center of the neuron; has a nucleus

Question 14

Terminal Branches

Answer 14

Endings of an axon that have bulbs at the tip filled with neurotransmitters.

Question 15

Axon

Answer 15

Long single extension of a neuron (vary in length): passes messages to other neurons, glands, and Muscle covered with Myelin Sheath.

outside axon: positively charged ions
Inside axon: negatively charged ions

Question 16

Neurotransmitters

Answer 16

send messages to other neurons.

types of neurotransmitters: serotonin, dopamine, and acetylcholine (Ach)

Question 17

Nodes of Ranvier

Answer 17

spaces between the Myelin Sheath sections

Question 18

Hillack

Answer 18

Point at which the soma meets the axon

Question 19

Synapse/Synaptic Gap/ Cleft

Answer 19

The space between neurons

Question 20

A neuron fires when it receives signals from ____ ____

Answer 20

Sensory receptors

Question 21

Ions

Answer 21

create electricity (action potential) which comes from chemical events

Question 22

Neurons Firing!!

1. Resting Potential

Answer 22

positive ions on the outside and negative ions on the inside

Question 23

2. Depolarization

Answer 23

when the axon fires; opening channels to allow positive ions in

Question 24

3. Refractory Period

Answer 24

the axon is resting and pushes the positively charged ions back out. Can’t fire an impulse.

Question 25

Excitatory

Answer 25

Like pushing an acceleration

Question 26

Inhibitory

Answer 26

like pressing a brake

Question 27

All or None Response (Action Potential)

Answer 27

A strong stimulus can trigger more neurons to fire.

Question 28

neurotransmissions P2

Answer 28

When an electrical impulse travels down the axon (body of neuron), it releases neurotransmitters which cross the gap between two neurons known as a synapse.

Question 29

CNS (Central Nervous System)

Answer 29

compromised of the brain and spinal cord -receives sensory information from the nervous system and controls the body's responses

Question 30

PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)

Answer 30

The sensory and motor neurons that connect Central Nervous System (CNS) to the rest of the body.

Question 31

_____ _______ _______ ______ ______ ____ ____

Answer 31

``` Nervous System Peripheral Central Autonomic Somatic Sympathetic Parasympathetic (arousing) (Calming) ```

Question 32

PNS: Autonomic

Answer 32

controls the glands and internal organs (heartbeat, organs, happen automatically)

Question 33

PNS: Somatic

Answer 33

The division of the PNS that controls the body's skeletal muscles.

Question 34

Auto: Sympathetic

Answer 34

arouses the body giving it energy in stressful situations Ex. Pupils dilate, sweaty, fast heart beat, "fight or Flight", inhibit digestion, etc.

Question 35

Endocrine=

Answer 35

within

Question 36

The Endocrine System

Answer 36

The body's slower chemical communication system. - 8 glands that produce chemicals which regulate certain body activities. ex. hypothalamus, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, testis, pituitary glands, parathyroids, pancreas, and ovary.

Question 37

The Endrocrine system uses what type of chemical?

Answer 37

hormones; synthesized by glands.

Question 38

what aspects of life do the Endrocrine system influences?

Answer 38

growth, reproduction, metabolism, and mood.

Question 39

only certain cells in the body can respond to hormones, often only at limited times, in order for cells to respond they must have the...

Answer 39

hormone receptors molecule | ex. oxytocin

Question 40

chemicals of nervous system=

Answer 40

neurotransmitters

Question 41

nervous system secretes neurotransmitters between ____ ____

Answer 41

nerve cells

Question 42

in the nervous system, how long does it take for signals to send?

Answer 42

fraction of a second.

Question 43

chemicals of endrocrine system=

Answer 43

hormones

Question 44

Endocrine system secretes hormones into...

Answer 44

blood stream

Question 45

how long do chemical of the endrocrine system take to begin working?

Answer 45

it can take many seconds; effects can last longer (days, hours)

Question 46

Hypothalamus

Answer 46

controls body, temperature, hunger, thirst, fatigue, sleep, and circadian cycle.

Question 47

Pituitary Gland

Answer 47

controls growth. Anterior pituitary- lobe releases hormones that regulate other glands

Question 48

posterior lobe

Answer 48

regulates water and salt balance.

Question 49

Thyroid Glands

Answer 49

affects metabolism, among other things.

Question 50

Parathyroid glands

Answer 50

help regulate the level of calcium in blood.

Question 51

Adrenal glands

Answer 51

consist of the adrenal medulla and and the cortex

Question 52

adrenal medulla

Answer 52

secretes hormones during stressful and emotional situations. (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

Question 53

Gonads

Answer 53

sex glands that regulate bodily development and maintain reproductive organs in adults. Testis- secrete male sex hormones ovary- secrete female sex hormones

Question 54

GABA

Answer 54

Function: inhibits acceptance of pain; makes us think we are not in pain. Ex. of Malfunction: too little= seizures, tremors, and insomnia.

Question 55

Glutamate

Answer 55

Function: major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory. Ex. of Malfunction: too much= migraines and seizures