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AP Psych. > Chapter 1 Test Review > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Test Review Flashcards

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1
Q

False Consensus Effect

A

No matter what our beliefs, options, or behaviors, we tend to believe that the majority of other people also agree with us and act the same way we do

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2
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

Also known as the “I-Knew-It-All-Along” Phenomenom

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3
Q

Critical Thinking

A

Examines assumptions, discerns hidden values , evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Does not blindly accept arguments

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4
Q

Theory

A

Explains through an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events.

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5
Q

Hypothesis

A

Produces testable predictions, not just an appealing theory that’s good.

expresses a relationship between two variables

By enabling us to test and reject or revise the theory, such predictions give direction to research.

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6
Q

Operational Definitions

A

Check on their biases

A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables
Ex. Human Intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures.

IN SIMPLER TERMS: ways a researcher is going to measure behaviors or qualities.
Ex. Gum will help your memory. But add like the brand, flavor, etc.

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7
Q

Replicate

A

Repeat their observations with different participants in different situations, to see if basic findings extend to other participants and circumstances.

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8
Q

Case Study

A

a detailed picture of one individual to reveal things true of us all.

JUST DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

does not give correlation data or cause and effect.

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9
Q

Survey

A

Asks people to report their behavior or opinions

most common type of study in psych. Examines Motives, Opinions, and Attitudes.

Measures CORRELATION but not Cause and effect.

needs random sample.

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10
Q

Population

A

All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study. Except for national studies.

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11
Q

Random Sample

A

every person in the entire group has an equal chance of participating

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12
Q

Naturalistic Observations

A

A third descriptive research method involves watching and recording the behavior of organisms in their natural environment.

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13
Q

Scatterplots

A

each point plots the value of two variables.

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables.

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14
Q

Correlation

A

correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of a relationship. It reveals how closely two things vary together and thus how well either one predicts the other.

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15
Q

Illusory Correlation

A

A perceived non existent correlation; perception of a relationship where non exists.

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16
Q

Experiment

A

Enable a researcher to focus on the possible effects of one or more factors by
1.) Manipulating the factors of interest
2.) holding constant (“controlling”) other factors
Cause and effect/ control

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17
Q

Double-Blind Procedure

A

Enables researchers to check a treatment’s actual effects apart from the research participants.

Both the research participants and the research staff are “blind” about if patient received treatment or placebo.

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18
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Well documented in reducing pain, depression, and anxiety.

effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.

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19
Q

Experimental Condition

A

The condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

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20
Q

Control Condition

A

The condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

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21
Q

Randomly Assigning

A

Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.

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22
Q

Independent Variable

A

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

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23
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.

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24
Q

Mode

A

The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution.

only mode or bimodal NOTHING ELSE

25
Q

Mean

A

The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.

26
Q

Median

A

The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it.

27
Q

Range

A

The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.

28
Q

Standard Deviation

A

A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.

29
Q

Statistical Significance

A

A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.

30
Q

Culture

A

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

31
Q

What are the three types descriptive research?

A
  • Case Studies
  • Observations
  • Surveys
32
Q

Surveys Pros and Cons

A 
Pros-                 Cons-
Cheap                Word Effect 
Anonymous       Low Response
Fast                    Lying
Diverse
33
Q

The Hawthorne Effect

A

People altering their behavior because they know they’re being observed (Laboratory)

34
Q

Positive Correlation

A

The variables go in the same directions (up/up or down/down)

35
Q

Negative Correlation

A

The variables go in opposite directions (up/down or down/up)

36
Q

Correlation Coefficient

A

range: -1 to 1
the closer you are to 1 the stronger the correlation
zero= no correlation

THE SYMBOL FOR CORRELATION IS ‘r’

37
Q

Overconfidence

A

Our tendency to think we know more than we do

38
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. Observe
  2. Hypothesis/Theory
  3. Predictions
  4. Test
  5. Modify
  6. Publish
39
Q

Variable

A

anything that can vary among participants in a study.

40
Q

As scientists, Psychologists approach the world of behavior with a ___ ___

A

Curious Skepticism

41
Q

Experimental Research

A

Explore Cause and Effect relationships
Cause: eats too many bananas
Effect: Constipation

42
Q

Correlational Studies

A
  • Uncover naturally occurring relationships
  • predictions
  • not definite cause and effect
43
Q

Descriptive

A

To observe and record behavior

44
Q

Statistics

A

are simply the recording of the results from our studies

45
Q

Measures of Central Tendency

A

Modes, Median, and Mean

46
Q

INFERential

A

tells us if data is statistically significant; happened by chance?

47
Q

Outlier (Skew distribution)

A

is far away from the other scores
Ex. 33, 73, 83, 83,84, 86, 91, 91,93

*33 is outlier

48
Q

Normal Distribution (bell curve)

A

The Mean, Median, and Mode are all the same

49
Q

Positively skewed is to the…

A

left

50
Q

Negatively skewed is to the…

A

right

51
Q

Bell curve IQ Scores (Standard Deviation)

A

34%| 34%
14% | 14%
2% | 2%

52
Q

To Compute Standard Deviation you first compute ___ from the measure of central tendancy

A

Mean

53
Q

Population value is represented by…

A

p*

54
Q

How can we test our Hypotheses? and refine our theories?

A

use descriptive, correlational, and experimental methods

55
Q

Knowing how much aptitude test scores ___ with school success tells us how well the scores ___ school success

A

correlate; predict

56
Q

Ethical Guidelines

A

RESEARCH IN ACTION- APA PUBLISHES

must be voluntary (can withdraw)

  • Informed consent (Parent consent under 18)
  • occasional deception
  • confidentiality
  • NO HARM
  • Must debrief (run down on research)
57
Q

Animal Research

A
  • Animals must be acquired legally
  • Study must have clear purpose
  • Animals must be treated humanely, only minimal harm
58
Q

P < 1

A

Experiment (statistical significant)

59
Q

Causation

A

The demonstration of how one variable influences (or the effect of a variable) another variable or other variables.

AP Psych. (7 decks)

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