chapter 2 (part 1)

Question 1

matter

Answer 1

“stuff”, takes up space and has mass as solid, liquid or gas.

Question 2

atom

Answer 2

smallest unit of matter that retains physical and chemical properties of that substance.

Question 3

element

Answer 3

quantity of matter composed of same atoms.

Question 4

What are the four main elements of life?

What percent of life do they make up?

Answer 4

C, H, O, N

96%

Question 5

molecule

Answer 5

2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Question 6

compound

Answer 6

composed of 2 or more different atoms.

Question 7

Atoms are made of subatomic particles.

They are __, __, and ___.

Answer 7

protons, electrons, neutrons

Question 8

Protons have ___ charge.

Answer 8

+

Question 9

Neutrons have ___ charge.

Answer 9

no

Question 10

Which subatomic particles are located in the nucleus?

Answer 10

protons and neutrons

Question 10

Electrons orbit the ___.

Answer 10

nucleus

Question 10

A neutral atom has equal numbers of ___ and ___.

Answer 10

protons, electrons

Question 10

The first orbital of an atom can hold __ electrons.

Answer 10

2

Question 10

The 2nd (and beyond) orbitals of an atom can hold up to ___ electrons.

Answer 10

8

Question 10

The outermost orbital of atoms contain ____ electrons.

Answer 10

valence

Question 11

If atomic orbitals are not full, then the atoms are considered ____.

This means they can take part in chemical reactions.

Answer 11

reactive

Question 12

Chemical bonds allow atoms to ___ orbitals and to ultimately be ___.

Answer 12

complete, stabilized

Question 13

In ionic bond, electrons are transferred from ___ to ___.

Answer 13

nonmentals, metals

Question 14

Net ____ charges cause atoms to “stick” or follow “opposites attract”.

Answer 14

opposite

Question 15

An e- donor becomes more ___ and is now known as a ___.

Answer 15

positive, cation

Question 16

An e- recipient becomes more ___ and is now known as ____.

Answer 16

negative, anion.

Question 17

Covalent bonds involve the ____ of valence electrons.

Answer 17

sharing

Question 18

Covalent bonds are typically ____ to ___.

Answer 18

nonmental, nonmental

Question 19

When electrons are shared ____ this forms a nonpolar covalent bond.

Answer 19

equally

Question 20

When electrons are shared equally this forms a ___ covalent bond.

Answer 20

nonpolar

Question 21

When electrons are shared unequally this forms a ___ covalent bond.

Answer 21

polar

Question 22

When electrons are shared ___ this forms a nonpolar covalent bond.

Answer 22

equally

Question 23

Hydrogen bonds are established through ___ covalent bonds.

Answer 23

polar

Question 24

Chemical reactions happen as a result of making and
breaking ___ between atoms.

Answer 24

bonds

Question 25

A + B = AB

Answer 25

Synthesis reaction

Question 26

Synthesis reactions ___ energy.

They are known as ___ reactions.

Answer 26

require, anabolic

Question 27

AB to A + B

Answer 27

Decomposition reaction

Question 28

Decomposition reactions ___ energy.

They are known as ___ reactions.

Answer 28

release, catabolic

Question 29

What are the four important reaction factors?

Answer 29

1. Temperature
2. Concentration
3. Particle Size
4. Enzyme catalysts

Question 30

Enzymes help reactions by ___.

Answer 30

lowering activation energy.

Question 31

pH=

Answer 31

-log[H+]

Question 32

When neutral, the [H+]=

Answer 32

10^-7 M (pH 7)

Question 33

Acids ___ free H+ into the solution.

Answer 33

release

Question 34

pH < 7 is ___.

Answer 34

acidic

Question 35

HCl (stomach acid) has a pH range of __-__.

Answer 35

1.2- 3.0

Question 36

Bases ___ free H+ from solution

Answer 36

absorb

Question 37

pH > 7 is ____

Answer 37

basic

Question 38

Bases can work as bases in two ways.

1. ____ H+
2. ____-OH

Answer 38

absorbing
releasing (to help make water)