Chapter 2 - Organic Compunds

Question 1

Functional groups

Answer 1

Common groupings of atoms that greatly influence the molecules in which they occur

Amino group, NH2
Carboxyl group, COOH
Harboxyl group, OH
Phosphate group, PO4

Question 2

Carbohydrate

Answer 2

Organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.

Energy source that are catabolized rather than stored

Question 3

Monosaccharide

Answer 3

Simple sugar, contains 3 to 7 carbons

Triose (3 carbon)
Tetrose (4 carbon)
Pentose (5 carbon)
Hexose (6 carbon) .....glucose
Heptose (7 carbon)

Question 4

Isomers

Answer 4

Molecules with same types and numbers of atoms, but different structures.

Question 5

Disaccharides

Answer 5

Two monosaccharides formed together through dehydration synthesis (eg. Table sugar or, sucrose)

Question 6

Polysaccharides

Answer 6

Multiple monosaccharides formed together through dehydration synthesis. These are called complex carbs (starches)

Question 7

Organic compound

Answer 7

Contain carbon and hydrogen, generally carry oxygen as well

Question 8

Lipids

Answer 8

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2 ratio with significantly less oxygens.

Most are insoluble in water, but special transport mechanisms carry them into the bloodstream.

Question 9

Fatty acids

Answer 9

Long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached. The “head” of the chain is a carboxyl group (-COOH).

Question 10

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 10

Each carbon atom in the tail has four single covalent bonds.

Question 11

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 11

One or more of the single covalent bonds between carbon atoms is replaced by a double covalent bond. Each carbon in that section will bind to only one hydrogen atom, rather then two.

Polyunsaturated fats = multiple double covalent bonds between carbon atoms.

Question 12

Glycerol

Answer 12

Compound that fatty acids attach to through dehydration synthesis to create glyceride.

Question 13

Structural lipids

Answer 13

Help form and maintain a cells sorrow ding membrane and its intracellular membranes.

Question 14

Eicosanoids

Answer 14

Structural lipids derived from arachidonic acid. Must be derived from food, body can’t synthesize it.

Question 15

Leukotrienes

Answer 15

Structural lipid produced primarily by cells involved with coordinating responses to injury or disease.

Question 16

Prostaglandins

Answer 16

Short-chain fatty acids in which five of the carbon atoms are joined in a ring. Released by cells to coordinate cellular activities. Very powerful.

Question 17

Cholesterol

Answer 17

Found in the plasma (outer boundary) of all animal cells. Maintains cells plasma membranes and aids in cell growth and division.

Question 18

Steroids

Answer 18

Large lipid molecules that share a distinctive carbon-ring framework.

Question 19

Micelles

Answer 19

Droplets of combined phospholipid and glycolipid molecules that orient their hydrophilic heads outwards and their hydrophobic tails inwards. Form as food breaks down in the digestive tract.

Question 20

Proteins

Answer 20

Most abundant organic compound in the human body. Formed from long chains of amino acids.

Question 21

Amino acids

Answer 21

Twenty different types, used as building blocks of proteins in human body. A typical protein contains 1,000 amino acids, largest protein complex contains over 100,000.

Question 22

Amino acid makeup

Answer 22

Four different groups attached to a central carbon atom. (1) carboxyl group -COOH. (2) amino group -H-N-H. (3) hydrogen atom. (4) r group.

Question 23

Peptide bond

Answer 23

Bond between two amino acids.

Question 24

Peptides

Answer 24

Molecule consisting of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. Dipeptides = two amino acids, polypeptide = multiple amino acids.

Question 25

Primary structure of peptides

Answer 25

Sequence of amino acids bonded together in a linear chain.

Question 26

Secondary structure of peptides

Answer 26

Results from bonds between atoms at different parts of the chain. May create a helix or a flat pleated sheet depending on the atoms that bound.

Question 27

Tertiary structure of peptides

Answer 27

Results from the complex coiling and folding that gives a protein it’s final three-dimensional shape.

Question 28

Quaternary structure of peptides

Answer 28

Results from the interaction between individual polypeptide chains to form a protein complex.

Question 29

Denaturation

Answer 29

At high temperatures the protein shape changes and enzyme function deteriorates. Change occurs in tertiary or quaternary structures.

Question 30

Enzyme

Answer 30

Organic catalyst that speed up cellular reactions.

Question 31

Substrate

Answer 31

The reactant in enzymatic reactions.

Question 32

Active site

Answer 32

Portion of an enzyme that substrates can bind to. Key hole.

Question 33

Specificity

Answer 33

An enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction.

Question 34

Saturation limit

Answer 34

The concentration of substrates in the blood that is required for maximum reaction rate. Anything over this will not cause faster reactions to occur.

Question 35

High energy compounds

Answer 35

Contain high energy bonds, covalent bonds whose breakdown releases energy under controlled conditions (ATP)

Question 36

Nucleic acids

Answer 36

Large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous. Primary role is to store and transfer information.

Question 37

Nucleotides

Answer 37

Individual subunits of Nucleic acid

Question 38

nitrogenous base

Answer 38

Purine (Adenine, Guanine) or pyrimidine (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil).