Chapter 2 - Organic Compunds Flashcards
Functional groups
Common groupings of atoms that greatly influence the molecules in which they occur
Amino group, NH2
Carboxyl group, COOH
Harboxyl group, OH
Phosphate group, PO4
Carbohydrate
Organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Energy source that are catabolized rather than stored
Monosaccharide
Simple sugar, contains 3 to 7 carbons
Triose (3 carbon) Tetrose (4 carbon) Pentose (5 carbon) Hexose (6 carbon) .....glucose Heptose (7 carbon)
Isomers
Molecules with same types and numbers of atoms, but different structures.
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides formed together through dehydration synthesis (eg. Table sugar or, sucrose)
Polysaccharides
Multiple monosaccharides formed together through dehydration synthesis. These are called complex carbs (starches)
Organic compound
Contain carbon and hydrogen, generally carry oxygen as well
Lipids
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2 ratio with significantly less oxygens.
Most are insoluble in water, but special transport mechanisms carry them into the bloodstream.
Fatty acids
Long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached. The “head” of the chain is a carboxyl group (-COOH).
Saturated fatty acids
Each carbon atom in the tail has four single covalent bonds.
Unsaturated fatty acids
One or more of the single covalent bonds between carbon atoms is replaced by a double covalent bond. Each carbon in that section will bind to only one hydrogen atom, rather then two.
Polyunsaturated fats = multiple double covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
Glycerol
Compound that fatty acids attach to through dehydration synthesis to create glyceride.
Structural lipids
Help form and maintain a cells sorrow ding membrane and its intracellular membranes.
Eicosanoids
Structural lipids derived from arachidonic acid. Must be derived from food, body can’t synthesize it.
Leukotrienes
Structural lipid produced primarily by cells involved with coordinating responses to injury or disease.
Prostaglandins
Short-chain fatty acids in which five of the carbon atoms are joined in a ring. Released by cells to coordinate cellular activities. Very powerful.
Cholesterol
Found in the plasma (outer boundary) of all animal cells. Maintains cells plasma membranes and aids in cell growth and division.
Steroids
Large lipid molecules that share a distinctive carbon-ring framework.
Micelles
Droplets of combined phospholipid and glycolipid molecules that orient their hydrophilic heads outwards and their hydrophobic tails inwards. Form as food breaks down in the digestive tract.
Proteins
Most abundant organic compound in the human body. Formed from long chains of amino acids.
Amino acids
Twenty different types, used as building blocks of proteins in human body. A typical protein contains 1,000 amino acids, largest protein complex contains over 100,000.
Amino acid makeup
Four different groups attached to a central carbon atom. (1) carboxyl group -COOH. (2) amino group -H-N-H. (3) hydrogen atom. (4) r group.
Peptide bond
Bond between two amino acids.
Peptides
Molecule consisting of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. Dipeptides = two amino acids, polypeptide = multiple amino acids.
Primary structure of peptides
Sequence of amino acids bonded together in a linear chain.
Secondary structure of peptides
Results from bonds between atoms at different parts of the chain. May create a helix or a flat pleated sheet depending on the atoms that bound.
Tertiary structure of peptides
Results from the complex coiling and folding that gives a protein it’s final three-dimensional shape.
Quaternary structure of peptides
Results from the interaction between individual polypeptide chains to form a protein complex.
Denaturation
At high temperatures the protein shape changes and enzyme function deteriorates. Change occurs in tertiary or quaternary structures.
Enzyme
Organic catalyst that speed up cellular reactions.
Substrate
The reactant in enzymatic reactions.
Active site
Portion of an enzyme that substrates can bind to. Key hole.
Specificity
An enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction.
Saturation limit
The concentration of substrates in the blood that is required for maximum reaction rate. Anything over this will not cause faster reactions to occur.
High energy compounds
Contain high energy bonds, covalent bonds whose breakdown releases energy under controlled conditions (ATP)
Nucleic acids
Large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous. Primary role is to store and transfer information.
Nucleotides
Individual subunits of Nucleic acid
nitrogenous base
Purine (Adenine, Guanine) or pyrimidine (Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil).
