Chapter 16 - Endocrine

Question 1

First messenger

Answer 1

The hormone

Question 2

Second messenger

Answer 2

Intracellular intermediary that activates after a hormone binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane.

Question 3

Cyclic AMP (cAMP)

Answer 3

An important second messenger, a derivative of ATP

Question 4

Hypothalamus

Answer 4

Exerts direct or indirect control over the activities of many endocrine organs

Question 5

3 hypothalamic control mechanisms

Answer 5

1) ADH and OXT via posterior pituitary
2) regulatory hormones via anterior pituitary
3) autonomic centers via preganglionic fibers to the adrenal medulla

Question 6

Fenestrated capillaries

Answer 6

Unusually permeable endothelial cells found at the median eminence of the infundibulum that allow relatively large molecules to enter or leave the blood stream.

Question 7

Hypophyseal portal system

Answer 7

Capillary networks and interconnecting vessels. Efficient means of chemical communication. Strictly one way communication.

Question 8

Tropic hormones

Answer 8

Hormones of the anterior pituitary, called that because tropic = a turning

Question 9

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 9

Characterized by glucose concentrations that are high enough to overwhelm the reabsorption capabilities of the kidneys.

Question 10

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 10

Inadequate insulin production by the pancreatic beta cells. Develops in children and young adults.

Question 11

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 11

Most common form. Patients develop insulin resistance.

Question 12

Diabetic retinopathy

Answer 12

Proliferation of capillaries and hemorrhaging at the retina, may cause blindness.

Question 13

Diabetic nephropathy

Answer 13

Degenerative changes in the kidney, can lead to kidney failure.

Question 14

Diabetic neuropathy

Answer 14

Abnormal blood flow to neural tissues causing a variety of problems with peripheral nerves.

Question 15

Stress

Answer 15

Any condition - whether physical or emotional - that threatens homeostasis.

Question 16

Stress response or general adaptation syndrome.

Answer 16

3 phases

1) alarm phase
2) resistance phase
3) exhaustion phase

Question 17

Alarm phase of GAS

Answer 17

Immediate response to stress directed by the sympathetic nervous system.

Energy reserves are mobilized in form of glucose

Body prepares to deal with stress

Question 18

Resistance phase of GAS

Answer 18

If stress lasts longer than a few hours. Glucocorticoids are dominant hormone of this phase. Neural tissue is hungry for glucose, so the hormones of this phase shift tissue metabolism to lipids and amino acids.

Question 19

Exhaustion phase of GAS

Answer 19

Body’s lipid stores are sufficient to maintain the resistance phase for weeks or months, but not indefinitely. Homeostatic regulation breaks down during exhaustion.

Conservation of NA+ at expense of K+

Question 20

Acromegaly

Answer 20

Results from overproduction of growth hormone after epiphyseal played have fused.

Question 21

Goiter

Answer 21

Enlarged thyroid gland

Question 22

Infantile hypothyroidism

Answer 22

Congenital disorder due to thyroid hormone deficiency. Mental disability, puffy face, thick tongue.

Question 23

Addison’s disease

Answer 23

Hypo secretion of corticosteroids. Pigment changes result from stimulation of melanocytes

Question 24

Cushings disease

Answer 24

Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids. Lipid reserves are mobilized, and adipose tissue accumulates in cheeks and at the base of the neck.

Question 25

Receptor

Answer 25

Protein molecule to which a particular molecule binds strongly.