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Biology 111 > Chapter 11 - Neural Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Neural Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

PNS

A

Includes all the neural tissue outside of cns. Has two divisions: sensory and motor.

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2
Q

Motor division of PNS

A

Carries motor commands from cns to peripheral tissues. Includes two systems: somatic and autonomic.

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3
Q

Sensory division of PNS

A

Brings information to the cns from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs.

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4
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Controls skeletal muscle contractions.

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5
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Automatically regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue.

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6
Q

Somatic sensory receptors

A

Provide position, touch, pressure, pain, and temperature sensations.

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7
Q

Special sensory receptors

A

Provide sensations of smell, taste, vision, balance, and hearing.

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8
Q

Visceral sensory receptors

A

Monitor internal organs

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9
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive stimuli from the environment or from other neurons. Highly branched.

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10
Q

Cell body

A

Contains nucleus and other organelles.

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11
Q

Axon

A

Carries information toward other cells.

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12
Q

Axon hillock

A

Origin of the axon from main cell body of a neuron.

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13
Q

Initial segment of axon

A

Where and action potential is initiated.

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14
Q

Telodenria

A

Series of fine extensions from the end of the axon trunk.

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15
Q

Synaptic terminals

A

Where the neuron communicates with other cells.

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16
Q

Anaxonic neurons

A

Small and lack anatomical features that distinguish dendrites from axons.

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17
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Have two distinct processes - one dendritic process that branches extensively at its distal tip, and one axon - with the cell body between the two.

18
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

Dendrites and axon are continuous and the cell body lies off to one side.

19
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Two or more dendrites and a single axon. Most common.

20
Q

CNS

A

Consists of brain and spinal cord. Integrating and processing sensory data and motor commands.

21
Q

Ganglion

A

Collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS.

22
Q

Neuralgia

A

“Glial cells” support and protect neurons in the PNS and CNS. Abundant and diverse, make up about half the volume of the nervous system.

23
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Form a simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium known as the ependyma. Assist in producing and monitoring CSF.

24
Q

Ependyma

A

Lines a fluid filled passageway within the spinal cord and brain.

25
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Fills central canal of spine and surrounds the brain.

26
Q

Microglia

A

Removes cellular debris, wastes, and pathogens in the neural tissues.

27
Q

Astrocytes

A

Maintain the blood-brain barrier that isolates the CNS from the chemicals and hormones circulating in the blood.

28
Q

Oligodendrytes

A

Provide structural framework in CNS by stabilizing the positions of axons.

29
Q

Schwann cells

A

Only found in PNS. Form a sheath around peripheral axons. Outer membrane called neurolemma.

30
Q

Satellite cells

A

Surround neuron cell bodies in PNS. Regulate environment around neurons.

31
Q

Wallerian degeneration

A

Repair process of damaged axons in the PNS; often fails to restore full function.

32
Q

Membrane potential

A

Inside of plasma membrane has a slight negative charge with respect to the outside. Due to excess of positively charged ions outside the membrane and a slight excess of negatively charged ions and proteins inside the membrane.

33
Q

Graded potential

A

Temporary, localized change in resting potential produced by a stimulus. Change decreases with distance away from the stimulus.

34
Q

Action potential

A

An electrical event that involves one location on the membrane. Spreads along the surface of an axon toward terminals.

35
Q

Synaptic activity

A

Produces graded potentials in the plasma membrane of postsynaptic cells. Involves release of neurotransmitters such as ACh.

36
Q

Local current

A

Movement of positive charges parallel the the inner and outer membranes during a graded potential.

37
Q

Action potentials

A

Propagated changes in membrane potential that, once initiated, affect an entire excitable membrane.

38
Q

Threshold

A

Membrane potential at which voltage-gated sodium channels are opened in response to a powerful enough graded depolarization.

39
Q

Continuous propagation

A

Occurs along unmyelinated axons. Action potential appears to move along axolemma in tiny steps.

40
Q

Saltatory propagation

A

Occurs in myelinated axons. Local current skips the internode of an axon and depolarizes the closest node.

41
Q

Chemical synapses

A

Rely on neurotransmitter release. Depolarization of axon terminal is stimulus for neurotransmitter release.

Biology 111 (8 decks)

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