Chapter 2- Nutrients and Recommended Intakes Flashcards
what is another word for essential ?
indispensable
what is the name of a vitamin C deficiency
scurvy
below the critical level of intake for an essential nutrient, what happens ?
symptoms follow a dose response curve
what are the two purposes of the dietary reference intake (DRI)
prevent deficiencies and prevent chronic diseases
what does conditionally essential mean
essential only under certain conditions- must be supplemented (eg if genetic defect in synthesis of carnitine)
what is EAR
estimated average requirement
what does EAR do ?
estimated average requirement meets requirement of half of the healthy people in a population. if people eat this amount, 50% have enough
what are the 4 factors in the DRI ?
EAR
RDA
AI
UL
what is RDA
recommended dietary allowance
what does RDA do ?
recommended dietary allowance is an individual goal based on EAR, sufficient to meet the requirements of 98% of people in that population
what is AI
adequate intake
when is AI used ?
when we have no EAR or RDA
what is the formula for RDA
RDA=EAR+ 2 *SD
if we don’t have an EAR can we have an RDA ?
no
what is AI based on
observed or experimentally determined approximation
what is UL
tolerable upper level intake
highest level of daily nutrient intake with no adverse effect risks
when is there the greatest risk of adverse effects, for nutrient intake, in RDI values
at v low intake (deficiency)
and v high intake about UL (toxicity)
who sets the AMDR ?
Institute of Medicine
what is the AMDR of carbs ?
45-65%
what is the AMDR of fat ?
20-35%
what is the AMDR of protein ?
10-35%
what does AMDR stand for ?
Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
how to use EAR for individuals and groups
individuals don’t use the amount
groups aim for the intake
how to use RDA for individuals and groups
individuals aim for the intake
groups don’t use this amount
how to use AI for individuals and groups
individuals use as guide if no RDA
groups can use it as basis
how to use UL for individuals and groups
individuals examine it for possibility of excess intake
groups use to assess
what is fortification vs enrichment
enrichment = replacement of vitamins and or minerals that were lost in the refinement or processing of a food
fortification = addition of vitamins and or minerals that were not present originally in a food or beverage
how was salt fortified in the 1920s ? why?
with iodine to prevent goiters
how were grains fortified and why
folic acid to prevent pregnancy abnormalities
how was milk fortified and why
vitamin D to better calcium absorption and good for bone health
vitamin A to milk for child development
how was soy milk fortified and why ?
vitamin D and vitamin B12, mostly consumed by vegans
what does the food guide not account for ?
the varieties in weight, physical activities, sedentarity
what are the 4 food groups ?
vegetables and fruit , grain, milk, meat
how does Health Canada regulate food product labeling ?
Food and Drugs Act
who is responsible for enforcing the food regulations of the Food and Drugs Act
Canadian Food Inspection Agency
in what order are ingredients listed ?
biggest ingredient first
what is %daily value based on for nutrients
highest recommended intake for each age and sex group
for macronutrients what is %daily value based on ?
2000 kcal reference diet
what is the %daily value for protein ?
none
is there a %daily value for sugar ?
no
is there a %daily value for cholesterol ?
sometimes
what does “reduced” mean in nutrition claims
at least 25% less of the nutrient compared with similar product
what does “light” mean in nutrition claims
reduced in fat or calories
general health claims are developped by two types of organizations :
third party organizations (Heart and Stroke)
corporations ( President’s Choice)
what are function claims ?
more for supplements, relate to specific beneficial effects that the consumption of a food or constituent of a food has on the normal function or biological activities of the body
what is the sodium intake recommendation
2300 mg / day
a food is high in something when it has what %
20%
what is the 3 day dietary survey
recording for all foods consumed in last 3 days
advantages of 3 day dietary survey (4)
accurate
inexpensive
detailed
info about eating habits
disadvantages of 3 day dietary survey (2)
may not represent normal diet
tend to underestimate energy intake
what is the 3 day weighed food record
weighing and recording all foods for 3 days
pro of 3 day weighed food (4)
accurate
inexpensive
detailed
info about eating habits
con of 3 day weighed food (4)
demanding for participant
potential compliance problems
may not represent normal diet
underestimates energy intake
what is duplicate food collections ?
saving a duplicate of each food for chemical analysis
pro of duplicate food collections (2)
the most accurate method
detailed
what is the most accurate method to estimate nutrient intake
duplicate food collections
cons of duplicate food collections (5)
expensive time consuming affect food choice demanding underestimate food intake
what are the 3 prospective methods to estimate nutrient intake ?
3-day or 7 day survey
3-day or 7-day food record
duplicate food collections
what are the 3 retrospective methods to estimate nutrient intake ?
24 hour recall
food frequency
diet history
what is the 24 hour recall
questionnaire or interview to assess dietary intake in the previous 24 hours
pro of 24 hour recall (4)
inexpensive
good response rate
easy
can be used to rank nutrient intake in groups of people
con of 24 hour recall (4)
may not be representative
memory bias
underestimate energy intake
no quantitative data
what is the food frequency questionnaire
questionnaire or interview with questions about frequency of intake of certain foods
pro of food frequency questionnaire (4)
good response rate
easy
cheap
can be used to rank nutrient intake in groups of people
con of food frequency questionnaire (4)
may not be representative
memory bias
underestimate high energy intake and overestimate low intake
no quantitative data
what is diet history
combination of 24 hour recall and food frequency questionnaire
pro of diet history
used to rank nutrient intake in groups of people
con of diet history (2)
trained interviewer
takes longer to complete
special considerations for 3 types of people in diet assessment
children <8 years
persons w recall problems
impaired vision or hearing
which method should be used on individuals and groups to assess intake
frequency food questionnaire, diet history, recalls
