Chapter 2- Nutrients and Recommended Intakes

Question 1

what is another word for essential ?

Answer 1

indispensable

Question 2

what is the name of a vitamin C deficiency

Answer 2

scurvy

Question 3

below the critical level of intake for an essential nutrient, what happens ?

Answer 3

symptoms follow a dose response curve

Question 4

what are the two purposes of the dietary reference intake (DRI)

Answer 4

prevent deficiencies and prevent chronic diseases

Question 5

what does conditionally essential mean

Answer 5

essential only under certain conditions- must be supplemented (eg if genetic defect in synthesis of carnitine)

Question 6

what is EAR

Answer 6

estimated average requirement

Question 7

what does EAR do ?

Answer 7

estimated average requirement meets requirement of half of the healthy people in a population. if people eat this amount, 50% have enough

Question 8

what are the 4 factors in the DRI ?

Answer 8

EAR
RDA
AI
UL

Question 9

what is RDA

Answer 9

recommended dietary allowance

Question 10

what does RDA do ?

Answer 10

recommended dietary allowance is an individual goal based on EAR, sufficient to meet the requirements of 98% of people in that population

Question 11

what is AI

Answer 11

adequate intake

Question 12

when is AI used ?

Answer 12

when we have no EAR or RDA

Question 13

what is the formula for RDA

Answer 13

RDA=EAR+ 2 *SD

Question 14

if we don’t have an EAR can we have an RDA ?

Answer 14

no

Question 15

what is AI based on

Answer 15

observed or experimentally determined approximation

Question 16

what is UL

Answer 16

tolerable upper level intake

highest level of daily nutrient intake with no adverse effect risks

Question 17

when is there the greatest risk of adverse effects, for nutrient intake, in RDI values

Answer 17

at v low intake (deficiency)

and v high intake about UL (toxicity)

Question 18

who sets the AMDR ?

Answer 18

Institute of Medicine

Question 19

what is the AMDR of carbs ?

Answer 19

45-65%

Question 20

what is the AMDR of fat ?

Answer 20

20-35%

Question 21

what is the AMDR of protein ?

Answer 21

10-35%

Question 22

what does AMDR stand for ?

Answer 22

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges

Question 23

how to use EAR for individuals and groups

Answer 23

individuals don’t use the amount

groups aim for the intake

Question 24

how to use RDA for individuals and groups

Answer 24

individuals aim for the intake

groups don’t use this amount

Question 25

how to use AI for individuals and groups

Answer 25

individuals use as guide if no RDA | groups can use it as basis

Question 26

how to use UL for individuals and groups

Answer 26

individuals examine it for possibility of excess intake | groups use to assess

Question 27

what is fortification vs enrichment

Answer 27

enrichment = replacement of vitamins and or minerals that were lost in the refinement or processing of a food fortification = addition of vitamins and or minerals that were not present originally in a food or beverage

Question 28

how was salt fortified in the 1920s ? why?

Answer 28

with iodine to prevent goiters

Question 29

how were grains fortified and why

Answer 29

folic acid to prevent pregnancy abnormalities

Question 30

how was milk fortified and why

Answer 30

vitamin D to better calcium absorption and good for bone health vitamin A to milk for child development

Question 31

how was soy milk fortified and why ?

Answer 31

vitamin D and vitamin B12, mostly consumed by vegans

Question 32

what does the food guide not account for ?

Answer 32

the varieties in weight, physical activities, sedentarity

Question 33

what are the 4 food groups ?

Answer 33

vegetables and fruit , grain, milk, meat

Question 34

how does Health Canada regulate food product labeling ?

Answer 34

Food and Drugs Act

Question 35

who is responsible for enforcing the food regulations of the Food and Drugs Act

Answer 35

Canadian Food Inspection Agency

Question 36

in what order are ingredients listed ?

Answer 36

biggest ingredient first

Question 37

what is %daily value based on for nutrients

Answer 37

highest recommended intake for each age and sex group

Question 38

for macronutrients what is %daily value based on ?

Answer 38

2000 kcal reference diet

Question 39

what is the %daily value for protein ?

Answer 39

none

Question 40

is there a %daily value for sugar ?

Answer 40

no

Question 41

is there a %daily value for cholesterol ?

Answer 41

sometimes

Question 42

what does "reduced" mean in nutrition claims

Answer 42

at least 25% less of the nutrient compared with similar product

Question 43

what does "light" mean in nutrition claims

Answer 43

reduced in fat or calories

Question 44

general health claims are developped by two types of organizations :

Answer 44

third party organizations (Heart and Stroke) | corporations ( President's Choice)

Question 45

what are function claims ?

Answer 45

more for supplements, relate to specific beneficial effects that the consumption of a food or constituent of a food has on the normal function or biological activities of the body

Question 46

what is the sodium intake recommendation

Answer 46

2300 mg / day

Question 47

a food is high in something when it has what %

Answer 47

20%

Question 48

what is the 3 day dietary survey

Answer 48

recording for all foods consumed in last 3 days

Question 49

advantages of 3 day dietary survey (4)

Answer 49

accurate inexpensive detailed info about eating habits

Question 50

disadvantages of 3 day dietary survey (2)

Answer 50

may not represent normal diet | tend to underestimate energy intake

Question 51

what is the 3 day weighed food record

Answer 51

weighing and recording all foods for 3 days

Question 52

pro of 3 day weighed food (4)

Answer 52

accurate inexpensive detailed info about eating habits

Question 53

con of 3 day weighed food (4)

Answer 53

demanding for participant potential compliance problems may not represent normal diet underestimates energy intake

Question 54

what is duplicate food collections ?

Answer 54

saving a duplicate of each food for chemical analysis

Question 55

pro of duplicate food collections (2)

Answer 55

the most accurate method | detailed

Question 56

what is the most accurate method to estimate nutrient intake

Answer 56

duplicate food collections

Question 57

cons of duplicate food collections (5)

Answer 57

``` expensive time consuming affect food choice demanding underestimate food intake ```

Question 58

what are the 3 prospective methods to estimate nutrient intake ?

Answer 58

3-day or 7 day survey 3-day or 7-day food record duplicate food collections

Question 59

what are the 3 retrospective methods to estimate nutrient intake ?

Answer 59

24 hour recall food frequency diet history

Question 60

what is the 24 hour recall

Answer 60

questionnaire or interview to assess dietary intake in the previous 24 hours

Question 61

pro of 24 hour recall (4)

Answer 61

inexpensive good response rate easy can be used to rank nutrient intake in groups of people

Question 62

con of 24 hour recall (4)

Answer 62

may not be representative memory bias underestimate energy intake no quantitative data

Question 63

what is the food frequency questionnaire

Answer 63

questionnaire or interview with questions about frequency of intake of certain foods

Question 64

pro of food frequency questionnaire (4)

Answer 64

good response rate easy cheap can be used to rank nutrient intake in groups of people

Question 65

con of food frequency questionnaire (4)

Answer 65

may not be representative memory bias underestimate high energy intake and overestimate low intake no quantitative data

Question 66

what is diet history

Answer 66

combination of 24 hour recall and food frequency questionnaire

Question 67

pro of diet history

Answer 67

used to rank nutrient intake in groups of people

Question 68

con of diet history (2)

Answer 68

trained interviewer | takes longer to complete

Question 69

special considerations for 3 types of people in diet assessment

Answer 69

children <8 years persons w recall problems impaired vision or hearing

Question 70

which method should be used on individuals and groups to assess intake

Answer 70

frequency food questionnaire, diet history, recalls