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EXCI 445 > Chapter 2- Nutrients and Recommended Intakes > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Nutrients and Recommended Intakes Flashcards

1
Q

what is another word for essential ?

A

indispensable

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2
Q

what is the name of a vitamin C deficiency

A

scurvy

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3
Q

below the critical level of intake for an essential nutrient, what happens ?

A

symptoms follow a dose response curve

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4
Q

what are the two purposes of the dietary reference intake (DRI)

A

prevent deficiencies and prevent chronic diseases

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5
Q

what does conditionally essential mean

A

essential only under certain conditions- must be supplemented (eg if genetic defect in synthesis of carnitine)

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6
Q

what is EAR

A

estimated average requirement

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7
Q

what does EAR do ?

A

estimated average requirement meets requirement of half of the healthy people in a population. if people eat this amount, 50% have enough

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8
Q

what are the 4 factors in the DRI ?

A

EAR
RDA
AI
UL

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9
Q

what is RDA

A

recommended dietary allowance

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10
Q

what does RDA do ?

A

recommended dietary allowance is an individual goal based on EAR, sufficient to meet the requirements of 98% of people in that population

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11
Q

what is AI

A

adequate intake

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12
Q

when is AI used ?

A

when we have no EAR or RDA

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13
Q

what is the formula for RDA

A

RDA=EAR+ 2 *SD

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14
Q

if we don’t have an EAR can we have an RDA ?

A

no

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15
Q

what is AI based on

A

observed or experimentally determined approximation

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16
Q

what is UL

A

tolerable upper level intake

highest level of daily nutrient intake with no adverse effect risks

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17
Q

when is there the greatest risk of adverse effects, for nutrient intake, in RDI values

A

at v low intake (deficiency)

and v high intake about UL (toxicity)

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18
Q

who sets the AMDR ?

A

Institute of Medicine

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19
Q

what is the AMDR of carbs ?

A

45-65%

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20
Q

what is the AMDR of fat ?

A

20-35%

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21
Q

what is the AMDR of protein ?

A

10-35%

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22
Q

what does AMDR stand for ?

A

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges

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23
Q

how to use EAR for individuals and groups

A

individuals don’t use the amount

groups aim for the intake

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24
Q

how to use RDA for individuals and groups

A

individuals aim for the intake

groups don’t use this amount

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25
Q

how to use AI for individuals and groups

A

individuals use as guide if no RDA

groups can use it as basis

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26
Q

how to use UL for individuals and groups

A

individuals examine it for possibility of excess intake

groups use to assess

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27
Q

what is fortification vs enrichment

A

enrichment = replacement of vitamins and or minerals that were lost in the refinement or processing of a food

fortification = addition of vitamins and or minerals that were not present originally in a food or beverage

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28
Q

how was salt fortified in the 1920s ? why?

A

with iodine to prevent goiters

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29
Q

how were grains fortified and why

A

folic acid to prevent pregnancy abnormalities

30
Q

how was milk fortified and why

A

vitamin D to better calcium absorption and good for bone health
vitamin A to milk for child development

31
Q

how was soy milk fortified and why ?

A

vitamin D and vitamin B12, mostly consumed by vegans

32
Q

what does the food guide not account for ?

A

the varieties in weight, physical activities, sedentarity

33
Q

what are the 4 food groups ?

A

vegetables and fruit , grain, milk, meat

34
Q

how does Health Canada regulate food product labeling ?

A

Food and Drugs Act

35
Q

who is responsible for enforcing the food regulations of the Food and Drugs Act

A

Canadian Food Inspection Agency

36
Q

in what order are ingredients listed ?

A

biggest ingredient first

37
Q

what is %daily value based on for nutrients

A

highest recommended intake for each age and sex group

38
Q

for macronutrients what is %daily value based on ?

A

2000 kcal reference diet

39
Q

what is the %daily value for protein ?

A

none

40
Q

is there a %daily value for sugar ?

A

no

41
Q

is there a %daily value for cholesterol ?

A

sometimes

42
Q

what does “reduced” mean in nutrition claims

A

at least 25% less of the nutrient compared with similar product

43
Q

what does “light” mean in nutrition claims

A

reduced in fat or calories

44
Q

general health claims are developped by two types of organizations :

A

third party organizations (Heart and Stroke)

corporations ( President’s Choice)

45
Q

what are function claims ?

A

more for supplements, relate to specific beneficial effects that the consumption of a food or constituent of a food has on the normal function or biological activities of the body

46
Q

what is the sodium intake recommendation

A

2300 mg / day

47
Q

a food is high in something when it has what %

A

20%

48
Q

what is the 3 day dietary survey

A

recording for all foods consumed in last 3 days

49
Q

advantages of 3 day dietary survey (4)

A

accurate
inexpensive
detailed
info about eating habits

50
Q

disadvantages of 3 day dietary survey (2)

A

may not represent normal diet

tend to underestimate energy intake

51
Q

what is the 3 day weighed food record

A

weighing and recording all foods for 3 days

52
Q

pro of 3 day weighed food (4)

A

accurate
inexpensive
detailed
info about eating habits

53
Q

con of 3 day weighed food (4)

A

demanding for participant
potential compliance problems
may not represent normal diet
underestimates energy intake

54
Q

what is duplicate food collections ?

A

saving a duplicate of each food for chemical analysis

55
Q

pro of duplicate food collections (2)

A

the most accurate method

detailed

56
Q

what is the most accurate method to estimate nutrient intake

A

duplicate food collections

57
Q

cons of duplicate food collections (5)

A 
expensive
time consuming
affect food choice
demanding 
underestimate food intake
58
Q

what are the 3 prospective methods to estimate nutrient intake ?

A

3-day or 7 day survey
3-day or 7-day food record
duplicate food collections

59
Q

what are the 3 retrospective methods to estimate nutrient intake ?

A

24 hour recall
food frequency
diet history

60
Q

what is the 24 hour recall

A

questionnaire or interview to assess dietary intake in the previous 24 hours

61
Q

pro of 24 hour recall (4)

A

inexpensive
good response rate
easy
can be used to rank nutrient intake in groups of people

62
Q

con of 24 hour recall (4)

A

may not be representative
memory bias
underestimate energy intake
no quantitative data

63
Q

what is the food frequency questionnaire

A

questionnaire or interview with questions about frequency of intake of certain foods

64
Q

pro of food frequency questionnaire (4)

A

good response rate
easy
cheap
can be used to rank nutrient intake in groups of people

65
Q

con of food frequency questionnaire (4)

A

may not be representative
memory bias
underestimate high energy intake and overestimate low intake
no quantitative data

66
Q

what is diet history

A

combination of 24 hour recall and food frequency questionnaire

67
Q

pro of diet history

A

used to rank nutrient intake in groups of people

68
Q

con of diet history (2)

A

trained interviewer

takes longer to complete

69
Q

special considerations for 3 types of people in diet assessment

A

children <8 years
persons w recall problems
impaired vision or hearing

70
Q

which method should be used on individuals and groups to assess intake

A

frequency food questionnaire, diet history, recalls

EXCI 445 (13 decks)

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