Chapter 2 - Nucleic Acids Flashcards

Question

What is the structure of ATP?

Answer 1

* phosphorylated macromolecule * adenine – nitrogen – containing organic base * ribose – pentose sugar acting as backbone * phosphate – chain of three phosphate group

Answer 2

•ATP is a nucleotide • phosphate bonds are important: – They are unstable (low activation energy) – Releases a decent amount of energy

Answer 3

ADP + P + E | Catalysed by the enzyme ATP hydrolase

Answer 4

* Chlorophyll – contained in plant cells * respiration * substrate-level phosphorylation -> phosphate groups are transferred from donor molecules

Answer 5

* ATP is an immediate energy source – it releases less energy than glucose molecules (hydrolysis is a single reaction was glucose is much longer) * ATP cannot be stored – continuously made in the mitochondria

Answer 6

* metabolic processes – energy needed to build up macromolecules from basic units * movement – energy for muscle construction provides energy for the filaments of muscles to slide past one another * Active transport – changes the shape of carrier proteins in plasma membrane allowing molecules/ions to move against a concentration gradient * secretion – needed to form lysosomes necessary for secretion of cell products * activation of molecules – inorganic phosphate is released during hydrolysis of ATP can be used to phosphorylate other compounds

Answer 7

* covalent bond * polar molecule – electrons not evenly distributed across molecule * attraction between these charges from hydrogen bonds between water molecules

Answer 8

* High heat capacity * Large latent heat of vaporisation * Strong cohesion between water molecules * am important solvent * A metabolic in many reactions

Answer 9

* heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 °C in terms of specific heat capacity * Large specific heat = absorb large amounts of heat energy before temperature rate is a significant amount

Answer 10

* body = mostly water * water = absorbs a lot of heat without temperature rising too much * water ‘buffers’ heat changes * Advantageous for aquatic organisms – don’t change temperature quickly

Answer 11

* animals can sweat = keep cool as water evaporates off surface * plants cool = water evaporates from leaves

Answer 12

* Body = some water molecules move faster - kinetic energy - some have enough energy to move into the air and evaporate * evaporated molecules take energy causing the water to cool as energy decreases

Answer 13

The polarity - Water molecules are attracted to each other forming hydrogen bonds. The bonds hold the water together allowing the continuous stream known as mass flow

Answer 14

* plants – water moves up the xylem vessels as a mass flow (roots to leaves) * Water cohesion = surface tension - water behaves as if there is a skin where the water meets the air allowing small animals to survive on the surface of water

Answer 15

* solvent = liquid that other substances can dissolve * positive/negative charges of water attract other molecules – they separate from each other * substance are dissolved in water - free to move and react

Answer 16

* metabolic reaction that happened - only happens in water where reactants are dissolved * dissolved substance can be transported around body

Answer 17

Water can be dissolved in chemical reactions directly •condensation - water released (small to large) •hydrolysis - water is added (large to small)

Answer 18

* hydrolysis allows digestion | * condensation allows synthesis of important molecules e.g protein