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AQA A-Level Biology > Chapter 10 - Biodiversity > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What is classification?

A

The organisation of living organisms into groups

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2
Q

What will all members of a species have in common?

A

They can breed to produce fertile offspring

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3
Q

What is the name given to the current system of naming organisms?

A

The binomial system

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4
Q

What did Linnaeus do?

A

Devised a universal system of naming organisms

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5
Q

What languages are the names of organisms written in?

A

Greek or Latin

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6
Q

What is the first name of an organism?

A

The generic name, or the genus

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7
Q

What is the second name of an organism?

A

The specific name, or the species

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8
Q

What are the three rules that apply when writing the names of organisms?

A

1) Must be underlined if handwritten
2) The first letter of the genus should be a capital letter
3) If the species is unknown, it can be written as sp

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9
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The variety of living organisms in an area

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10
Q

What is a habitat?

A

The place where an organism lives

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11
Q

What is a community?

A

All the populations of different species in a habitat

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12
Q

How can members of the same species identify each other?

A

They resemble each other, either biochemically or physically

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13
Q

What are the four main advantages of courtship?

A

Members of the same species can recognise each other
Organisms identify a mate capable of breeding
Organisms form a pair bond
Synchronise mating

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14
Q

What must a prospective mate be?

A

Mature and fertile

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15
Q

Why is it important to ensure mating only occurs between members of the same species?

A

So that fertile offspring are produced

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16
Q

Why is it important to synchronise mating?

A

To ensure the maximum probability of the sperm and egg meeting is achieved

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17
Q

What do males use courtship for?

A

To determine if the female is receptive to mating because females only release eggs at certain times

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18
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

The science of classification

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19
Q

What will organisms of the same species exhibit?

A

Similar courting behaviour

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20
Q

What is artificial classification?

A

Based on physical characteristics and their functions rather than evolutionary origins

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21
Q

What is phylogenetic classification?

A

Based upon the evolutionary relationships. It divides organisms into groups using shared features they have received from ancestors and arranges these groups into a hierarchy

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22
Q

What is a hierarchy?

A

A group contained within a larger group but with no overlap

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23
Q

What does the first point on a phylogenetic tree show?

A

A common ancestor of all family members

24
Q

What do the branches on a phylogenetic tree show?

A

Another common ancestor from which a different group diverged

25
Q

How to tell if two species on a phylogenetic tree are closely related

A

They diverged away from each other recently

26
Q

What is each group in taxonomy called?

A

A taxon

27
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The study of the evolutionary history of groups of organism

28
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Archaea, bacteria and eukarya

29
Q

Characteristics of domain archaea

A

Newly discovered cell types included

1 kingdom - the archaebacteria

30
Q

How do archaea differ from bacteria?

A

Their genes and protein synthesis mechanisms are closer to that of eukaryotes
No murein in cell walls
A more complex form of RNA polymerase

31
Q

Characteristics of domain bacteria

A

1 kingdom - the eubacteria

32
Q

What are eukarya?

A

A group of organisms made up of multiple eukaryotic cells

33
Q

What are phyla?

A

The largest groups in each kingdom

34
Q

Characteristics of Eukarya

A

Membrane-bound organelles
No murein in cell walls (if applicable)
Larger ribosomes than bacteria and archaea
Membranes containing fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages

35
Q

Characteristics of domain eukarya

A

4 kingdoms - protista, animalia, plantae and fungi

36
Q

What is species diversity?

A

The number of different species and the number of individuals of each species with any one community

37
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

The variety of genes possessed by the individuals that make up a population of a species

38
Q

What is ecosystem diversity?

A

The range of different habitats, from a small local habitat to the whole of the year

39
Q

What is species richness?

A

The number of different species in a particular area of a given community

40
Q

How do you measure species diversity?

A

Use the index of diversity calculation

41
Q

What is the index of diversity calculation?

A

d= N(N-1)/total n(n-1)

42
Q

What is the impact of agriculture?

A

Farmers select species for particular qualities and that make them more productive therefore the number of species and the genetic variation of alleles they possess is reduced to few that exhibit to the desired features.

Any particular area can only support a certain amount of biomass. Hence when one area is taken up by one species there is a small area available for the other species. There is a reduction in the index of species diversity .

43
Q

What reduces species diversity?

A
  • The removal of hedgerows
  • creating monocultural
  • Filling in ponds and draining marshes
  • Overgrazing of land
  • using pesticides and inorganic fertiliser
  • Escape of effluent from silage stores
  • Absence of crop rotation and lack of intercropping
44
Q

How can you conserve the impact of agriculture’s?

A
  • maintain existing hedgerows
  • Plant hedges rather than erect fences
  • Maintain existing ponds/create new ones
  • Leave wet corners of fields than draining them
  • Plants native trees on land with a low species diversity
  • Reduce the use of pesticides
  • Use organic fertilisers
  • Use crop rotation (including nitrogen – fixing crop) which improves soil fertility
  • create natural meadows
  • Leave the cutting of verges and filled edges until after the seeds have dispersed
45
Q

Why is it important to maintain biodiversity?

A

If biodiversity is reduced the global living system becomes increasingly unstable and then we have to rely on global systems for food and other resources

46
Q

How can observable characteristics help to classify organisms?

A

You observe the characteristics of an organism and then group them depending on this due to these characteristics are determined by a gene with environmental influences

47
Q

Why are there limitations with using observable characteristics to help us classify organisms?

A

The characteristics had a large number of genes which are polygenetic meaning they are not discrete from one another but rather vary continuous

Characteristics can be modified by environmental influences

48
Q

How do you compare the DNA of different species

A

The nucleotides in the DNA can be tagged with different coloured fluorescent dyes.

The more similar the sequence of DNA nucleotide bases the most similarity in the DNA between the two species hence they are more related.

49
Q

How can you compare the base sequence of mRNA of different species?

A

In the same way as comparing the DNA sequence

50
Q

How can you compare species by the amino acid sequence in proteins?

A

The degree of similarity in the amino acid sequence of the same protein into species or affect how closely related to each species.

51
Q

Describe the immunological comparison of proteins process

A

1) serum (containing the protein) from species A is injected into species B
2) serum B produces specific antibodies with specific antigen site
3) Serum is extracted from species B (containing antibodies)
4) antigens from species C correspondence to antibodies
5) The response forms a precipitation
6) The most similar antigens, the more precipitation is formed
7) The more closely the species are related

52
Q

Why is random sampling important?

A

Reduces bias/to eliminate any human involvement in choosing samples

53
Q

How can you carry out a random sample?

A

One) divide the study area in to quadrates
Two) number the quadrates
Three) use a random number generator
Four) take samples of those numbers stated

54
Q

How can you remove chance?

A

Use a large sample size – the more individuals that are selected the smaller the probability that chance will influence the result

55
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

It’s the measure of the width of the curve giving an indication of the range of values either side of the mean

56
Q

How do you calculate the standard deviation?

A

S= Square root[Total (X - (mean)^2)/n-1]

AQA A-Level Biology (22 decks)

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