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Neuro 321 > Chapter 2 Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are smooth brains called?

A

lissencephalic (ex:rats)

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2
Q

What folded brains called?

A

gyrencephalic (ex:us)

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3
Q

What are two types of ways to organize the nervous system? Describe them.

A

Anatomical organization
nervous system- separated into CNS and PNS, CNS includes brain and spinal cord
Pns includes somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems.

Functional organization-
nervous system- CNS - includes brain and spinal cord
Somatic NS- Cranial nerves, spinal nerves
Autonomic NS- Sympathetic division (arousing)
Enteric NS- Parasympathetic division (calming)

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4
Q

Are sensory pathways afferent or efferent?

A

afferent, they’re incoming info

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5
Q

Are motor pathways afferent or efferent?

A

efferent, they’re outgoing info

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6
Q

What does anterior, posterior, dorsal, medial, ventral, and lateral mean?

A

anterior is in front, posterior is back, dorsal is top, ventral is bottom, medial is middle, lateral is side.

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7
Q

What is a coronal section?

A

Vertical plane (not lengthwise)

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8
Q

What is a horizontal section?

A

brain is cut into half by width

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9
Q

What is a saggital section?

A

Brain is cut lengthwise

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10
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

Part of brain, is a band of white matter that connects the hemispheres of the brain

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11
Q

What are the brains 6 surface features?

A

the skull, dura mater (hard mother), arachnoid (looks like spider webs), subarachnoid space filled with CSF, and then pia mater (soft mother)

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12
Q

What makes up the meninges?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

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13
Q

What is meningitis? encephalitis?

A

Meningitis- infections of the meninges
Encephalitis- Infections of the brain

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14
Q

What are the brains four lobes named?

A

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe, naming is based on bony plates

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15
Q

When did the neocortex evolve?

A

All of it evolved at the same time

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16
Q

85% of strokes involve which artery being blocked?

A

the middle cerebral artery, this is called an embolic stroke

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17
Q

Is the recovery rate of embolic stroked high or low?

A

low, this is because blood is bad in open environment due to high concentration of iron

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18
Q

What does grey matter refer to?

A

cell bodies

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19
Q

What does white matter refer to?

A

axons

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20
Q

What reticular matter refer to?

A

mixed grey and white matter

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21
Q

What does reticular matter do?

A

Helps with time and arousal

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22
Q

What ventricles are inside the brain?

A

The right lateral ventricle, the left lateral ventricle, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle, these are all connected to each other

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23
Q

What do the brains ventricles hold?

A

cerebral spinal fluid

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24
Q

What does cerebral spinal fluid do?

A

suspends the brain making it neutrally bouyant acting as 1/30 of its actual mass, acts as a shock absorber, and provides a stable environment

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25
Q

Is it important that the chemical content of CSF is regulated?

A

Yes, if it changes u get stupid ex: if dehydrated or drunk

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26
Q

What is hydrocephalis?

A

CSF is made but can’t drain as pressure on the lateral ventricle pushes fluid to skull, not only in children can be in adults, tumors is highest cause id adults usually need surgery to treat

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27
Q

How many neurons does the brain have?

A

80 billion

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28
Q

How many glial cells does the brain have?

A

100 billion glia, need them for neurons to work

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29
Q

What are axons?

A

fibers that connect neruons

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30
Q

What is a connection between two neurons called?

A

synaptic connections

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31
Q

What differentiates a tract and a nerve?

A

Tract- collection of fibers in brain and spinal cord
Nerve- bundle of fibers outside the CNS

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32
Q

Where is grey matter found in the brain? White matter?

A

Grey matter is found on the outside, white matter is on the inside

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33
Q

What are the four types of nerves in spinal cord?

A

cervical nerves, thoracic nerves, lumbar nerves, sacral nerves, these connect to specific areas of skin (dermatomes)

34
Q

Where is grey matter and white matter in spinal curve?

A

Grey matter on the inside, white matter on the outside

35
Q

Why can a chicken run with it’s head chopped off?

A

Because the spinal cord coordinates movement, so we can run w out a brain

36
Q

What does the spinal cord connect to?

A

The brain stem

37
Q

Name the four parts on the brain stem

A

cerebellum, hindbrain, midbrain, diencephalon

38
Q

What is the cerebellum referred to as? What is it responsible for?

A

referred to as the little brain, responsible for fine coordinated movements and timing

39
Q

What is reticular formation?

A

white and grey matter together

40
Q

If you have a stroke in the brainstem what happens?

A

you die

41
Q

What are the three parts of the hind brain?

A

Pons, reticular formation, medulla

42
Q

What is hindbrain responsible for?

A

breathing, balance, control of movements

43
Q

What is reticular formation involved in?

A

sleep/wake cycles and rythms

44
Q

what is the midbrain responsible for?

A

critical for producing orienting movements, species specific behaviours, and pain perception

45
Q

What is the midbrain made of?

A

red nucleus, reticular formation, superior colliculus, cerebral aqueduct, substania nigra, periaqueductal gray matter

46
Q

What does the red nucleus do, what organism doe snot have a red nucleus?

A

red nucleus involved in limb movement, snakes don’t have this

47
Q

what does the cerebral aqueduct do?

A

takes cerebral fluid down the spinal cord

48
Q

What’s the difference between pain and nocicipetion?

A

nociception is u cutting urself and then the sensation going from cut to receptors in brain called nociceptors, pain is the experience u feel as a result of the activation of these pathways

49
Q

What is the tegmentum, what does it do?

A

in midbrain has structure of tectum which brings together auditory and visual input

50
Q

Where is the hypothalamus, what does it do?

A

the hypothalamus is below the thalamus and in the diencephalon, is involved in feeding, sexual behaviour, sleeping, temp regulation, emotions, hormone function, and movement

51
Q

What is the pitituary gland?

A

in hypothalumus, makes hormones including testes and ovaries

52
Q

What does the right thalamus do?

A

Gets visual and auditory info, synthesizes it and then sends it to the neocortex

53
Q

How do opiates block pain?

A

They interfere with nocicpetion

54
Q

How do the hormones cycle work? How do steroids effect it?

A

Hormones cycle start with hypothalumus, produces hormones which enter the pituary gland that then sends them into the bloodstream to target endocrine glands, which release their own hormones to brain and other parts of the body. If you take steroids it won’t send hormones to other parts of body and cause changes in body.

55
Q

What are the structures of the forebrain?

A

The cerebral cortex (including the neocortex), the basal ganglia, the hippocampus, the amygdala

56
Q

What do the structures in the forebrain do?

A

They integrate sensation, motivation, emotion and memory so you can think, plan, and use language

57
Q

cerebral cortex is split into what?

A

The neocortex and the allocortex

58
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

detects things in environment that are threats

59
Q

What does the hippocampus do?

A

involved in spatial abilities and memory consolidation, is lateralized, you can take out one side but if you take out both you lose long term memory

60
Q

The olfactory system does what?

A

Plays big role in reproduction and mating

61
Q

What are cytoarchitectonic maps?

A

Brodmann defined areas of neocortex based on cell characteristics, these are called the maps

62
Q

The neocortex is divided into what and has how many layers?

A

Divided into motor cortex and sensory cortex, has six layers

63
Q

Layers 1-3 in the neocortex handle what? Layer 4? Layer 5,6?

A

1-3 handles integrative functions
4- handles input of sensory information
five, 6- handles output to other parts of the brain

64
Q

What sends info to layer four of the sensory cortex?

A

the thalamus

65
Q

What is the substantia nigra involved in (disease wise)

A

Involved in parkinsons

66
Q

What are the diseases of the basal ganglia?

A

Parkinsons, huntington, tourettes, OCD

67
Q

What is the cranial nervous system?

A

olfactory (smell), optic (vision) oculomotor (eye movement), trochlear (eye movement), trigeminal (masticatory movement and facial sensation), abducens (eye movement), facial (facial movement and sensation), auditory vestibular(hearing and balance), glossopharyngeal (tongue and pharynx movement and sensation), vagus (heart, blood vessels, viscera, movement of larynx and pharynx, spinal accesory (neck movement) and hypoglossal (tongue movement)

68
Q

What is Bell Palsy?

A

Facial payalisys that occurs when 7th facial nerve becomes inflamed

69
Q

How many people does bell palsy effect?

A

1 in 65 people at some time in their life

70
Q

Why can you hear better with bells palsy?

A

Because the inflamation of the 7th facial nerve consticts the auditoy canal

71
Q

What is the law of bell and magendie?

A

In all animals the motor neuron is anterior, the sensory neuron is posterior

72
Q

Describe the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A

Just describe it, reference slide 56 in ppt

73
Q

What is another name for the enteric nervous system?

A

the second brain

74
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Is a network of neurons embedded in the lining of the gastointestinal tract, controls bowel motility, secretion, and blood flow to permit fluid and nutrient absorption and support waste elimination

75
Q

How do the brain and ENS connect?

A

Through the ANS, via the vagus nerve

76
Q

What is the microbiome?

A

gut bacteria, contains 3.9x10^13 microbiota

77
Q

What do microbiota do?

A

Make essential nutrients, influence absorption, and are a source of neurochemicals that regulate physiological and physchological processes

78
Q

What are physcobiotics?

A

live microorganisms that treat behavioural disorders

79
Q

What are the 10 principles of nervous system function?

A

1- Neuronal circuits are the functional units of the nervous system
2- sensory and motor divisions permeate the nervous system
3- Brain systems are organized hierarchically and in parallel
4- Many brain circuits are crossed
5- Brain functions are localized and distributed
6- The brain is symmetrical and asymmetrical
7-The nervous system works by juxtaposing excitation and inhibition
8- The brain divides sensory input for object recognition and movement
9- the nervous system produces movement within a perceptual world the brain constructs
10- neuroplasticity is the hallmark of nervous system functioning

80
Q

How does the brain work?

A

materialistically
anatomically and functionally

Neuro 321 (11 decks)

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