Chapter 2 Midterm 1 Flashcards
what are smooth brains called?
lissencephalic (ex:rats)
What folded brains called?
gyrencephalic (ex:us)
What are two types of ways to organize the nervous system? Describe them.
Anatomical organization
nervous system- separated into CNS and PNS, CNS includes brain and spinal cord
Pns includes somatic, autonomic, and enteric nervous systems.
Functional organization-
nervous system- CNS - includes brain and spinal cord
Somatic NS- Cranial nerves, spinal nerves
Autonomic NS- Sympathetic division (arousing)
Enteric NS- Parasympathetic division (calming)
Are sensory pathways afferent or efferent?
afferent, they’re incoming info
Are motor pathways afferent or efferent?
efferent, they’re outgoing info
What does anterior, posterior, dorsal, medial, ventral, and lateral mean?
anterior is in front, posterior is back, dorsal is top, ventral is bottom, medial is middle, lateral is side.
What is a coronal section?
Vertical plane (not lengthwise)
What is a horizontal section?
brain is cut into half by width
What is a saggital section?
Brain is cut lengthwise
What is the corpus callosum?
Part of brain, is a band of white matter that connects the hemispheres of the brain
What are the brains 6 surface features?
the skull, dura mater (hard mother), arachnoid (looks like spider webs), subarachnoid space filled with CSF, and then pia mater (soft mother)
What makes up the meninges?
Dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
What is meningitis? encephalitis?
Meningitis- infections of the meninges
Encephalitis- Infections of the brain
What are the brains four lobes named?
Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe, naming is based on bony plates
When did the neocortex evolve?
All of it evolved at the same time
85% of strokes involve which artery being blocked?
the middle cerebral artery, this is called an embolic stroke
Is the recovery rate of embolic stroked high or low?
low, this is because blood is bad in open environment due to high concentration of iron
What does grey matter refer to?
cell bodies
What does white matter refer to?
axons
What reticular matter refer to?
mixed grey and white matter
What does reticular matter do?
Helps with time and arousal
What ventricles are inside the brain?
The right lateral ventricle, the left lateral ventricle, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle, these are all connected to each other
What do the brains ventricles hold?
cerebral spinal fluid
What does cerebral spinal fluid do?
suspends the brain making it neutrally bouyant acting as 1/30 of its actual mass, acts as a shock absorber, and provides a stable environment
Is it important that the chemical content of CSF is regulated?
Yes, if it changes u get stupid ex: if dehydrated or drunk
What is hydrocephalis?
CSF is made but can’t drain as pressure on the lateral ventricle pushes fluid to skull, not only in children can be in adults, tumors is highest cause id adults usually need surgery to treat
How many neurons does the brain have?
80 billion
How many glial cells does the brain have?
100 billion glia, need them for neurons to work
What are axons?
fibers that connect neruons
What is a connection between two neurons called?
synaptic connections
What differentiates a tract and a nerve?
Tract- collection of fibers in brain and spinal cord
Nerve- bundle of fibers outside the CNS
Where is grey matter found in the brain? White matter?
Grey matter is found on the outside, white matter is on the inside
What are the four types of nerves in spinal cord?
cervical nerves, thoracic nerves, lumbar nerves, sacral nerves, these connect to specific areas of skin (dermatomes)
Where is grey matter and white matter in spinal curve?
Grey matter on the inside, white matter on the outside
Why can a chicken run with it’s head chopped off?
Because the spinal cord coordinates movement, so we can run w out a brain
What does the spinal cord connect to?
The brain stem
Name the four parts on the brain stem
cerebellum, hindbrain, midbrain, diencephalon
What is the cerebellum referred to as? What is it responsible for?
referred to as the little brain, responsible for fine coordinated movements and timing
What is reticular formation?
white and grey matter together
If you have a stroke in the brainstem what happens?
you die
What are the three parts of the hind brain?
Pons, reticular formation, medulla
What is hindbrain responsible for?
breathing, balance, control of movements
What is reticular formation involved in?
sleep/wake cycles and rythms
what is the midbrain responsible for?
critical for producing orienting movements, species specific behaviours, and pain perception
What is the midbrain made of?
red nucleus, reticular formation, superior colliculus, cerebral aqueduct, substania nigra, periaqueductal gray matter
What does the red nucleus do, what organism doe snot have a red nucleus?
red nucleus involved in limb movement, snakes don’t have this
what does the cerebral aqueduct do?
takes cerebral fluid down the spinal cord
What’s the difference between pain and nocicipetion?
nociception is u cutting urself and then the sensation going from cut to receptors in brain called nociceptors, pain is the experience u feel as a result of the activation of these pathways
What is the tegmentum, what does it do?
in midbrain has structure of tectum which brings together auditory and visual input
Where is the hypothalamus, what does it do?
the hypothalamus is below the thalamus and in the diencephalon, is involved in feeding, sexual behaviour, sleeping, temp regulation, emotions, hormone function, and movement
What is the pitituary gland?
in hypothalumus, makes hormones including testes and ovaries
What does the right thalamus do?
Gets visual and auditory info, synthesizes it and then sends it to the neocortex
How do opiates block pain?
They interfere with nocicpetion
How do the hormones cycle work? How do steroids effect it?
Hormones cycle start with hypothalumus, produces hormones which enter the pituary gland that then sends them into the bloodstream to target endocrine glands, which release their own hormones to brain and other parts of the body. If you take steroids it won’t send hormones to other parts of body and cause changes in body.
What are the structures of the forebrain?
The cerebral cortex (including the neocortex), the basal ganglia, the hippocampus, the amygdala
What do the structures in the forebrain do?
They integrate sensation, motivation, emotion and memory so you can think, plan, and use language
cerebral cortex is split into what?
The neocortex and the allocortex
What does the amygdala do?
detects things in environment that are threats
What does the hippocampus do?
involved in spatial abilities and memory consolidation, is lateralized, you can take out one side but if you take out both you lose long term memory
The olfactory system does what?
Plays big role in reproduction and mating
What are cytoarchitectonic maps?
Brodmann defined areas of neocortex based on cell characteristics, these are called the maps
The neocortex is divided into what and has how many layers?
Divided into motor cortex and sensory cortex, has six layers
Layers 1-3 in the neocortex handle what? Layer 4? Layer 5,6?
1-3 handles integrative functions
4- handles input of sensory information
five, 6- handles output to other parts of the brain
What sends info to layer four of the sensory cortex?
the thalamus
What is the substantia nigra involved in (disease wise)
Involved in parkinsons
What are the diseases of the basal ganglia?
Parkinsons, huntington, tourettes, OCD
What is the cranial nervous system?
olfactory (smell), optic (vision) oculomotor (eye movement), trochlear (eye movement), trigeminal (masticatory movement and facial sensation), abducens (eye movement), facial (facial movement and sensation), auditory vestibular(hearing and balance), glossopharyngeal (tongue and pharynx movement and sensation), vagus (heart, blood vessels, viscera, movement of larynx and pharynx, spinal accesory (neck movement) and hypoglossal (tongue movement)
What is Bell Palsy?
Facial payalisys that occurs when 7th facial nerve becomes inflamed
How many people does bell palsy effect?
1 in 65 people at some time in their life
Why can you hear better with bells palsy?
Because the inflamation of the 7th facial nerve consticts the auditoy canal
What is the law of bell and magendie?
In all animals the motor neuron is anterior, the sensory neuron is posterior
Describe the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
Just describe it, reference slide 56 in ppt
What is another name for the enteric nervous system?
the second brain
What is the enteric nervous system?
Is a network of neurons embedded in the lining of the gastointestinal tract, controls bowel motility, secretion, and blood flow to permit fluid and nutrient absorption and support waste elimination
How do the brain and ENS connect?
Through the ANS, via the vagus nerve
What is the microbiome?
gut bacteria, contains 3.9x10^13 microbiota
What do microbiota do?
Make essential nutrients, influence absorption, and are a source of neurochemicals that regulate physiological and physchological processes
What are physcobiotics?
live microorganisms that treat behavioural disorders
What are the 10 principles of nervous system function?
1- Neuronal circuits are the functional units of the nervous system
2- sensory and motor divisions permeate the nervous system
3- Brain systems are organized hierarchically and in parallel
4- Many brain circuits are crossed
5- Brain functions are localized and distributed
6- The brain is symmetrical and asymmetrical
7-The nervous system works by juxtaposing excitation and inhibition
8- The brain divides sensory input for object recognition and movement
9- the nervous system produces movement within a perceptual world the brain constructs
10- neuroplasticity is the hallmark of nervous system functioning
How does the brain work?
materialistically
anatomically and functionally
