Chapter 10 Midterm 3 Flashcards
Music likely evolved from what?
From earlier communication systems
When did the species of homosapiens come to modern form?
100,000-250,00 years ago
Music served as a what to our species?
A protolanguage
Why do we know that music mattered in our early history?
Because creating instruments would have required large investments in time, energy, skill and resources, so therefore music mattered to the people that made it
We made tools to make?
tool- instruments
Language and music allow us to do what?
Organize and interact socially
Does language itself require auditory input? Why?
No, sign language- requires visual input
Are ancient egypt and bablyon actually ancient civilizations?
No, the word ancient was coined by historians who though we came about 5,000 yrs ago but we didn’t, these civilizations are built on civilizations.
What structure does the oral language of every known culture follow?
similar basic syntax
Do people in all cultures make and enjoy music?
yes
What came first music or language?
Music
Is language an extinct?
yes, same as walking
How are waves of sound generated?
For example, tuning fork gets striked, this compresses air molecules, then rarefication (decompression) occurs and waves travel out
What are trouhgs and peaks?
High part of wave is peaks, low part is troughs
What is a hertz?
the cycles per second
What are the basic properties of sound?
Frequency (pitch perception)- is how many cycles per second occurs
Amplitude (perception of loudness)- is the height of the waves peaks
Complexity (Timbre)- is a mixture of frequencies
What determines the pitch of a sound?
if it’s high frequency- high pitch
if its low frequency- low pitch
What determines the loudness of a sound?
High amplitude- loud sound
Low- amplitude- soft sound
What determines the timbre/complexity of a sound?
Is a mixture of frequencies, if one frequency it’ll be pure if a mixture it’ll be complex
What is a power analysis?
Breaking down complex waves into it’s different amplitude and frequencies to see how much of the sound is at 2 hertx versus seven hertz etc
Musical instruments put out pure or complex sounds?
complex
Bats can hear upto how many hertz?
115 kilohertz
Are humans or dogs hearing range better?
dogs
As humans age what frequencies do they lose first?
the higher ones
Can humans detect vibrations lower than what we can hear?
Yes, through somatosensation- is bass
Why do whales and dolphins have such a large range of hearing?
because they rely on the auditory system more cause they can’t see in the water
Can humpbacks communicate between different populations such as the Hawaiian and mexico populations?
Yes, over oceans, they communicate over their own breeding grounds with low frequency sounds
Is there overlaps between the auditory and visual systems? How is it affected when there’s impairments to the visual system?
yes! Even more so if there’s impairments to the visual system which turns over the part of the neocortex that controls visual to auditory
What part of brain lights up as the echolocated kid makes clicks? How is this related to bats?
the visual system, the bats can “hear” 115 Khz might actually be seeing the sounds
Sounds louder than _____ over a prolonged time cause damage?
Over 100 dB
Who is Pete Townsend?
Is a rocker that went deaf cause he played rock music for so long
In auditory system what role do inner hair cells play?
detectors of sound
Normal speech is how many decibels? Chainsaws? Rock band? Rocket?
30-40 db
around 80 dp
rock band- 120-140 db
rocket 160-180 db
When an inner hair cell dies can you bring them back?
No, when they’re gone they’re gone
If you have a few hair cells can yu amplify sound?
yes, hearing aids
After going to a very loud event should you go into pure silence?
No! Should be in environment with some sounds because you want cells to work a bit to keep them healthy
What happened to J.E?
Hurt auditory system and got tinnitus by shooting guns again and again
What are the two types of tinnitus?
objective and subjective
What is objective tinnitus?
There is a an actual ringing in you ear
What is subjective tinnitus?
Is when you hear ringing but there is no actual auditory input
When you don’t interact with people what happens to tinnitus?
The tinnitus goes away
Does taking aspirin cause tinnitus?
Yes
What kind of tinnitus do people have if their near the ocean?
they hear waves crashing, tells you their a learned component
What is the best way to deal with tinnitus?
distraction
What analyzes speech for meaning?
left temporal lobe
What analyzes musical sounds for meaning?
right temporal lobe
Does language cause communication or facilitate it? why?
facilitate it, because animals can communicate without language
Does music effect and regulate our emotions?
yes
What sounds are perceived as a buzz?
nonspeech and nonmusical noise produced at a rate of about five segments per second
What is the order of normal speed of speech?
8-10 seconds per segment
The difference between music and language is what?
timing
How do we hear variations of a sound as if they were identical?
can hear two sounds and know that they are the same note form different instruements
Do young mammals have preference for female or male voices?
female raise children
Why is learning a foreign language later in life more difficult?
The auditory system has a mechanism for categorizing sounds as the same
despite small differences in pronunciation, a younger auditory system can
Also people don’t know when words end and start
Where is the cochlea?
Under the eye
What amplifies vibrations onto the oval window? Altogether what is it called?
Hammer
Anvil
Stirrup
Together the ossicles
How can you hear sound?
The pinna catches sound waves and deflects them into the external ear canal
the waves are amplified and then hit the ear drum, causing it to vibrate
This then vibrates the ossicles
Ossicles amplify and convey vibrations to the oval windows
Vibration of the oval window sends waves through cochlear fluid
This causes the basilar and tectorial membranes to bend
Which then causes cila of inner hair cells to bend, this bending generates action potentials
What does the outer ear include?
the external ear canal
eardrum
What does the middle ear include?
ossicles and semicircular canals
What does the inner ear include?
the cochlea and the auditory nerve
What is the stirrup?
Is connects ossicles to oval window
What are semicircular canals?
are past oval window
What is cochlea?
are near semicircular canals
What is the last part of the ear system?
The auditory nerve
Draw the ear, roughly
compare to slide 11
Where are the basilar and tectorial membranes located?
organ of corti
Where is the organ of corti located?
In cochlea
How many hair cells are in a single auditory receptor?
3500
How many outer hair cells do we have?
12,000
What do the outer hair cells do?
Change the stiffness of the tectoral membrane which sharpens the resolving power of the cochlea
How do cilia on inner hair cells bend?
the basilar membrane moves in response to sound waves, this creates a shearing force that bends cilia near the tectorial membrane,
How does cilia hairs bending generate action potentials?
Movement of cilia towards the tallest cilia, causes calcium influx and relases neurotransmitter, so nerve impulses increase
Movement of cilia towards the shortest cilia hyperpolarizes the cell, less neurotransmitter release
Where do we hear high frequencies in the cohlea?
at the base, near the oval window
Where do we hear low frequnecies in the cochlea?
at the thin apex, end of cochlea
What kind of frequency of sound waves cause peak bending of the basilar membrane?
medium frequencies
What is otoacoustic emissions?
auditory system makes sounds and creates outputs from ears, the system makes sounds in response to sounds (evoked emissions)
What are spontaneous otoacoustic emissions?
Occur without external stimulation
What are autoacoustic emisison test?
putting probe in ear that has a speaker that emits sounds and a microphone to record the otoacoustic emissions to determine if ear is functioning properly
Is the otoacoustic emission test standard practice?
yes in alberta
Why is deafness higher in first nations?
Because meningitis is higher in reservations due to them not being to trust modern medicine
When the cochlear nerve is excited what does it do?
It biforcates and sends synaptic connects to the ventral cochlear nucleus and dorsal cochlear nucleus
If the synaptic connections go to the ventral cochlear nucleus what happens?
It crossed and go to the olivary complex and then to the trapezoid body in the right side of brain
Where does auditory information biforcate again? Outside of the cochlear nerve?
At the thalamus, goes back to left side
Are thalamuses true on each side of the brain?
yes
What is a dichotomous listening test?
is a test where words are repeated in both ears, whichever word you can repeat shows which hemisphere you have language in
Where do auditory inputs cross in the brain?
They cross to the opposite side in the hindbrain
Is there recrossing of information in the brain? Why?
Yes, so that information from both ears reaches both hemispheres
How many nuclei are en route to the neocortex?
multiple
Where does the primary auditory cortex lie?
In the Heschl’s gyrus
Where does the secondary cortex lie?
It surrounds A1
Where is Wernickes area?
is the cortex of the left planum
What does the cortex of the right hemisphere Heschls gyrus have?
special roles in analyzing music
Is the auditory cortex lateralized?
yes! in right handed people the A1 cortex is larger in the right hemisphere, if lefties it’s the mirror opposite or different
What is the planum temporale?
Is the part of the secondary auditory cortex thats behind heschls gyrus
What is auditory tonotopic organization?
Is the notion that areas in the auditory cortex corespond to low freuencies and as you move across it it correpsonds to high frequencies
Does everybody have the same tonotopic organization?
No sometimes, they have opposite organization
What does the rare case sin tonotopic organization tell us?
that the organization isnt genetically inherited but having an organization is
What features of the cochlea make certain areas correspond to high frequencies?
a narrow thick base
What features of the cochlea make certain areas correspond to low frequencies?
a wide thin apex
What is a tuning curve?
Is recording of neurons after playing sounds of different frequnecies
What can different tuning curves of different axons tell you?
If there’s different peak sensitivities this tells you there’s tonotopic organization, you need a much smaller sound at some frequencies compared to other ones
What two tests are done to indetify deafness?
acoustic emission test
auditory brainstem response (takes recording from brainstem after auditory input)
What is one of the most common reasons of deafness?
failure of inner hair cells to work
What does the cochlear implant do?
A wire goes in and around cochlea with electrodes contacting it, when current passes it’ll excite the auditory nerve
the coil detects the vibrations, the audioprocesser takes the wave form and turns it into sin waves and then delivers electric currents at each frequency and then sends currents to each individual contsct point and excites the auditory nerve which is done through a magnetic port
Is the port magnetic?
yes to the coil
Why must a child be at least one to get a cochlear impant?
because the skull has to be formed enough to get the coil and magnet in the skull
How do adults with cochlear implants interpret music?
they say it’s robotic
Why is it not advised to sign near deaf kids before cochlear implants?
because signing is easy so they’ll prefer to sign instead of using language
Can our auditory system do things unconsciously that our visual system does?
yes, can without looking at the boat on an ocean can tell which way it’s going if it’s going fast etc
How do we detect locations of sounds?
The auditory system uses tiny differences in the time it took for the sound to reach each ear (ITD) and the difference in intensity of each sound (IID) at each ear to locate the sound
What does ITD stand for, what does IID stand for?
ITD- interoral time difference
IID- stands for interoral intensity difference
Do we hear two or one sounds when we’re detecting location?
One sound
What are the hemispheric differences in an owls skull, why does it have this?
One ear faces up and the other faces down makes one ear more sentive to sounds above and the other below
music is located in which hemisphere?
right
Language is located in which hemisphere?
left
What does the ventral pathway do in audition?
Decodes spectrally complex sounds , decodes the meaning of speech sounds for people- controls recognition
What does the dorsal pathway do in audition?
Dorsal auditory stream integrates auditory and somatosensory
information to control speech production- controls action
What do all languages have in common?
All languages have common structural characteristics
stemming from a genetically determined constraint
Whats the difference between pinker and chomsky?
Pinker argued language was an instinct and founded linguistics in evolution, chomsky did not and couched theories of grammer in learning it
What is the sensitive period for language acquisition?
about 1 to 6 years of age
What structural elements does language have in common?
syntax and grammar
will infants create language even if they’re not taught?
yes
What area is responsible for word comprehension?
Wernicke’s area, in primary auditory cortex
What’s eloquent cortex?
cortex that you don’t want removed or have damage to cause they’re so critical to function
What is Broca’s area?
is where motor programs are stored, moves lips and larynx and pharynx
Why are areas called broca and Wernicke’s?
Cause those people found them
What gives us a lot of info on how brain works?
gun shot wounds, or car accidents cause it would take out parts of brain while the people were still alive
What is the arcuate fascilus?
It connects Wernicke’s and brocas area
How does speaking work?
you think of something, that potential goes to wernickes area, then goes to brocas, then to the facial area of the motor cortex, and then to the cranial nerves, and then you speak.
Why can you still process language if you only have half of the wernickes area
because this ability is distributed in wernickes area, but localized to that area in the brain
What is aphasia?
Inability to speak or comprehend language despite having
normal comprehension or intact vocal mechanisms
What is broca’s aphasia?
inability to speak fluently despite
having normal comprehension and intact vocal
mechanisms.
What is Wernicke’s aphasia?
inability to understand or produce
meaningful language even though the production of
words is still intact.
What did penfield discover?
that direct simulation to
the auditory and language areas of a conscious person disrupted speech production the human brain
Where can transient aphasia be?
transient aphasia can be in motor and sensory cortex
What does PET scans stand for?
Positron Emission Tomography
What do pet scans do?
detect the positron
emissions of tagged molecules like oxygen or glucose
How do pet scans work?
cyclotron makes radioactive oxygen or glucose, it gets injected to person, we image the brain, and positrons are released which hit electrons in brain, generates a photon the exits the heads and at 180 degrees the signal is detected
How do you determine brain activity through PET scans?
active areas use more blood and therefore have more tagged molecules so light up more in scan
How do you see which parts light up using pet scan?
you substract the stimulated by the control image to see what’s additonally lighting up
What part lights up when you listen to bursts of noise?
the primary auditory cortex
What part lights up when you listen to words?
Wernickes area
What part lights up when you discriminate speech sounds?
Brocas area- is a motor area
What part of the brain activates when you hear a burst of noise?
Heschls gyrus
What part of brain lights up when you listen to melodies?
The secondary auditory cortex
What part of the brain lights up when you compare pitches?
The frontal lobe
Who was maurice ravel and what happened to him?
he developed aphasia (left hemisphere damage) but his musical perception remained intact (they were in the right hemisphere)
What did Maurice Ravels aphasia damage?
his skills in music production, he couldn’t recognize written music, play the piano, or compose
What did the case of maurice ravel tell us?
That music perception and music production might be separate the same way language perception and production is, that hemispheres that control music and language are related, the musical production was related with language
How is music used as therapy?
used as a treatment for mood disorders such as
depression
Listening to rhythm activates the motor and premotor cortex and can
improve gait and arm training after stroke
Parkinson patients who step to the beat of music can improve their
gait length and walking speed
Why do people with parkinsons be able to dance through the door?
because there are multiple pathways to initiate movement
do female birds have hemisphere specialization?
yes, but they have music on left side
What kinds of songs do female birds prefer? What does this say about her neurocircuitury?
Songs are different of bird sin different areas, females like songs they grew up with has circuitury to do this
Is there diversity of expression in birds?
yes variation in songs
What is preference for songs influenced by?
By oppurtunity and experience (development)
What is asymmetry in the bird brain?
Structures in the brain are larger on the left side
Are structures in the brain larger in males or females?
Males (are sexually dimorphic)
What is birds singing skill related to?
the size of structures in the brain
What do cells in bird structures do?
produce and respond to bird songs
Why can great apes communicate in sign language but not speak?
don’t have proper structure in pharynx and larynx and stuff so cant’ speak but can communicate in sign language
What are AM sounds?
amplitude modulation
What are FM sounds?
frequency modulation
Are the humpbacks whale songs comparable to human musical traditions?
yes
What is diff between amplitude modulation and FM?
amplitude is intensity and frequency is pitch
What the frequencies of whale sounds vary from?
20 hertz to 24 hertz
Do whale songs evolve?
yes, they never repeat
What does a spectogram show of whale sounds?
that the FM sounds have a pulsed nature
What did Chomsky turn into a science?
he turned linguistics into a science
What did Chomsky publish?
Syntactic structures
