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psych 105 > Chapter 2: Methods in Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Methods in Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Empiricism

A

An approach to discover and know the world based on trusting our sensed and observing the world by seeing, touching etc
Fairly new practice

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2
Q

Dogmatism

A

Expression of an opinion as though it were a fact/clinging onto our/elders beliefs

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3
Q

Scientific method

A

Devised by Sir Francis Bacon:
Procedure for using empirical evidence to establish fact
1) develop a theory (idea): explanation of a phenomenon that can never be proved right
2) derive a falsifiable hypothesis from it
3) test that hypothesis by observing the world

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4
Q

Falsifiability

A

capacity for some proposition, theory, statement, or hypothesis to be proven wrong

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5
Q

Basic questions in psychology
eg) humans are able to recognize and interpret facial expressions

A

Observation: (what do people do?)
-are they recognizing emotions?
Method of explanation (why do they do it?)
-Is there a brain region for doing so?

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6
Q

Operational definition

A

-Description of property in measurable terms
-Construct validity is a key feature of a good operational definition

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7
Q

Construct validity

A

Extent to which the thing being measured adequately characterizes the property

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8
Q

Reliability

A

Tendency for a measure to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing

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9
Q

Power

A

Ability of a measure to detect conditions specified in the operational definition

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10
Q

Demand characteristics

A

Aspect of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants or expects
-makes it hard to measure behavior as it typically unfolds and impacts experimental results significantly

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11
Q

Naturalistic Observer

A

To avoid demand characteristics: observe without their knowledge
cons: some events are not naturally occurring and some events can only be observed through direct interaction

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12
Q

Two techniques psychologists use for analyzing data

A

-Graphic representation
-descriptive statistics

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13
Q

Graphic representations

A

Describe data in two ways
1) frequency distribution
2) normal distribution

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14
Q

Frequency distribution

A

Graphic representation showing the number of times in which the measurement of a property takes on each of its possible values

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15
Q

Normal distribution

A

Mathematically defined frequency distribution in which most measurements are concentrated around the middle

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16
Q

Descriptive statistics

A

Brief summary statements about essential information from a frequency

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17
Q

Central tendency (center or midpoint)

A

Mode: Number(s) most frequent
Mean: Average sum of all numbers
Median: Middle number of data set

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18
Q

Variability

A

Extent measurements differ; tell how much the measurements differ from each other or roughly how wide the distribution is

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19
Q

Range

A

Value of largest measurement in a frequency distribution minus the value of the smallest measurement

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20
Q

Standard deviation

A

Statistic that describes the average difference between the measurements in frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution

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21
Q

Correlation

A

Relationship between variables in which variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other
-Values moving together = positive correlation

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22
Q

Variable

A

Property that can have more than one value

23
Q

What does it mean when two variables are correlated?

A

-Knowledge of one variable value can be used to predict value of another variable without having to measure it
- Correlation does NOT mean causation

24
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Measure of the direction and strength of a correlation (r)

25
"the rule" for correlation coefficient
-When the exceptions to the rule are few and small, then the positive correlation is strong and r moves towards 1 -When the exceptions are many and large, the positive correlation is weak and r moves towards 0
26
Natural correlations
Correlations observed in the world around us
27
Third-variable problem
-Natural correlations between 2 variables CANNOT be taken as evidence of a casual relationship between them because a third variable might be causing them both
28
Experimentation
Allows establishment of casual relationship between variables by doing 3 things 1) manipulate 2) measure 3) compare
29
1) Manipulate
Manipulate independent variable; create at least two conditions
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2) Measure
Measure dependent variable (responding variable)
31
3) Compare
Compare measurements of conditions with each other
32
Random assignment
Procedure that lets chance assign participants to the experimental or control group--reduces bias
33
Self-selection
Problem that occurs when anything about a participant determines whether they will be included in the experimental group or control group
34
2 basic ways to design an experiment
1) Between subject design 2) within-subject design (repeated measures)
35
1) between subject design
Each group in the experiment is composed of a different set of participants -Control group VS experiment group
36
2) within-subject design
-Each participant is exposed to all the conditions of an independent (manipulated) variable -Instead of splitting the group by control and experiment you just do the experiment twice with the same subjects
37
Critical thinking
Involves asking tough questions -Was there bias? -Does the evidence tell the whole truth
38
Enemies to critical thinking
-Our tendency to see what we want or expect to see -Tendency to ignore what we can't see (we tend to ignore data that goes against our biases or things we don't see (hidden variables))
39
Validity
How well an experimental procedure actually tests what it is designed to test
40
Internal validity
-Degree to which an experiment supports clear, casual conclusions -Within your experiment, can you be confident that the change in the independent variable CAUSED a change in the dependent variable
41
External validity
Will the results GENERALIZE outside of your experimental context
42
Confounding variable
Anything that is different between the 2 groups (in an experiment) OTHER THAN the independent variable
43
Replication crisis
-Between 2012-2014 a team of researchers worked together and tried to replicate 100 published psychology experiments and only succeeded 1/3 of the time -Caused distrust in psychologists and they were accused of being carelress
44
TCPS
Tri-Council Policy Statement: describes the core principles based on respect for human dignity, that all research involving human participants must follow 1) respect for persons 2) concern for welfare 3) just
45
1) Respect for persons
Research should show respect for persons and their right to make decisions for and about themselves without undue influence or coercion
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3) Just
Research should be just, which means that it should distribute benefits and risks equally to participants and reduce any risks
46
2) Concern for welfare
Research should show concern for welfare which means it should attempt to maximize benefits and reduce risks to the participant
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1) Replacement
There is no alternative to using animals, and the use of animals is justified by the scientific or clinical value of the study
46
Important rules that govern conduct of psychological research
-Informed consent -Freedom from coercion (unless to avoid demand characteristics) -Protection from harm -Risk-benefit analysis -Deception -Debreifing -Confidentiality
46
2) Reduction
Use the smallest number of animals possible
46
CCAC
Canadian Council on Animal Care: standards for ethical use and care for animals in research 1) replacement 2) reduction 3) refinement
47
3) Refinement
Procedures must be modified to minimize discomfort, infection, illness and pain to animals
48
Honorable attitude
-Results are reported truthfully on what was done and what was found -Data is shared -Credit is ethically assigned

psych 105 (7 decks)

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