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psych 105 > Chapter 14: Stress and Health > Flashcards

Chapter 14: Stress and Health Flashcards

1
Q

Stressors

A

-Specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten a persons wellbeing
-Can be both positive or negative events

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2
Q

Stress

A

Physical/psychological response to internal or external stressors

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3
Q

Health psychology

A

-How psychological factors influence the cause and treatment of physical illness and maintenance of health
-Perception and behavior

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4
Q

Chronic stressors

A

-Sources of stress that occurs continuously or repeatedly
-Social relationships
-Environments
-Higher in black, indigenous and other people of color

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5
Q

Discrimination

A

-In group rejection: Shame, avoidance state
-Other-group rejection: Anger, vigilance for danger, higher-risk taking, approach state (opposite to avoidance state)

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6
Q

perceived control

A

-Stressors are call to do something
-Lack of control=more stress
-Effective coping
-Lack of perceived control underlies other stressors

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7
Q

Fight or flight response

A

-Emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action
-Body makes a decision

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8
Q

HPA

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical

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9
Q

ACTH

A

-Travels through the bloodstream to activate adrenal glands to release:
1) Catecholamine
2) Cortisol

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10
Q

1) Catecholamine

A

-Increases sympathetic nervous system (flight/fight)
-Decreases parasympathetic nervous system (Rest/digest)

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11
Q

2) Cortisol

A

Increases concentration of glucose (food for muscles) in the blood for muscles

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12
Q

Freiedrich Neitzche theory VS Selye’s theory

A

-“What does not kill me makes me stronger” is inaccurate
-Instead resistance to stress builds over time but can lost only so long before exhaustion sets in

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13
Q

General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)

A

-Nonspecific and does not vary across stressors
-3 phases
1) Alarm phase
2) resistance phase
3) Exhaustion phase

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14
Q

1) Alarm phase

A

-Body rapidly mobilizes its resources
-Fight or flight response

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15
Q

2) Resistance phase

A

-Body adapts of high state of arousal, shuts down parasympathetic system
-(Digestion, growth, sex drive, menstruation, testosterone, sperm)

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16
Q

3) Exhaustion phase

A

-Body resistance collapses
-gradual damage
-Susceptibility to infection
-Tumor growth
-Aging
-Death

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17
Q

Constant exposure to stress

A

Accelerated aging and wear/tear on body

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18
Q

Telomeres

A

-Caps at the end of chromosomes that prevent sticking together
-Defines where chromosome starts and ends again
-As age increases the caps decrease

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19
Q

Telomerase

A

-Enzyme that rebuilds telomeres
-Chronic stress (cortisol) shortens telomere length
and lowers telomerase activity
-Cancer, cardiovascular, diabetes, depression
-Exercise and meditation prevents and reverses this process

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20
Q

Inflammatory response

A

-White blood cells (lymphocytes) are sent to the site of injury to fight off infection
-Immune system

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21
Q

Cold virus in nose experiment

A

-People with chronic stress got a cold
-Those who experienced a brief stressful event did not get a cold
-Chronic stress and lower SES can lead to higher risk of adverse health outcomes
-“Rich 50 is like poor 35”

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22
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

-Stressors can cause Glucocorticoids to flood the brain
-This wears down immune system

23
Q

Main cause for Coronary heart disease (CHD)

A

-Atherosclerosis: Gradual narrowing of arteries as fatty deposits or plaques build up
-Makes blood vessels smaller causing the system to eventually collapse
-Sympathetic response to high blood pressure to damage of blood vessels to more plaques to higher CHD

24
Q

Type A vs type B behavior

A

-Type A: Easily aroused hostility, impatience, time urgency, competitive
-Type B: Less driven behavior

25
26
Two step stress interpretation process
1) Primary appraisal: Interpretation of an event as threatening or not 2) Secondary appraisal: Determining if something can be done about the event
27
Threat vs challenge
-Threat is something you may be unable to overcome = increase in BP -Challenge is something that you feel confident you can control -Reframing anxiety: Changing a threat to a challenge
28
Burnout
-State of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion -Created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation -Lowered performance and motivation -Caused by gauging self-worth by success at work alone or having an emotionally stressful job
29
Stress, health and money
-Self-reported happiness goes up and stress goes down as income increases -Only up to 90,000(CAD: 105,000) -Those with less money at risk for earlier death -Childhood years spent in nicer neighborhoods associated with increased earnings as an adult
30
Reframing stressors
1) Repression 2) Rationalization 3) Reframing
31
1) Repression
-Avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint -Ignoring stressor -Focusing on positive -Putting unpleasant thoughts to the back of the mind -For some people this works well but for others this can turn into a deep preoccupation
32
2) Rationalizing
-Facing a stressor and working to overcome it -Approaching rather than avoiding the stressor to diminish its long term effects -Acceptance: Accepting stressor exists -Exposure: Attending to/seeking stressor out -Understanding: Working to find the meaning stressors hold in life
33
3) Reframing
-Finding new/creative ways to think about a stressor that reduces a threat -Effective in moderately stressful situations -Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)
34
Stress Inoculation Training (SIT)
-Reframing technique that helps people cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about situations -Reframing in form of writing has many benefits
35
4 techniques useful to manage stress
1) Meditation 2) Relaxation 3) Biofeedback 4) Aerobic exercise
36
1) Meditation
-Practice of intentional contemplation -Religious traditions and can be practiced outside religious contexts -Meditation anchors: Concentrating on breathing, mantra, physical sensations, sounds/bodily rhythms -Results in: Restful/revitalizing, improves attention, deactivates default mode network (mind wandering), lengthens telomeres, improves connectivity between conflict monitoring, cognitive and motional control regions
37
2) Relaxation
-Thinking about relaxing a muscle reduces EMG activity, even without perceived tension -Relaxation therapy: Technique for reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscles of body -Relaxation response: Condition of reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate and blood pressure
38
3) Biofeedback
-Use of external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function -EEF biofeedback/neurofeedback: Moderately successful in treating brain wave abnormalities, increasing relaxation and decreasing chronic pain
39
4) Aerobic exercise
-Increases heart rate and oxygen intake for sustained period -Promotes stress relief and happiness -works for future stressors -Decrease in depressive symptoms -Health benefits in schizophrenia -Faster recovery from future stressors -May increase serotonin and endorphins
40
Situation management
-Changing your life to reduce stress through 1) Social support 2) Religious/spiritual practice 3) Humor 4) Avoiding procrastination
41
1) Social support
-Aid gained through interacting with others -Higher mortality of cardiovascular, cancer, pneumonia, influenza, liver disease -Men: Fight or flight response -Women: Tend and befriend, oxytocin hormone
42
Religiosity/spirituality
-Religiosity: Affiliation with/engagement in the practices of particular religion - Spirituality: Having a belief in and engagement with some higher power, not linked with religion -Optimistic daily life views
43
Humour
-Defuse unpleasant situation and bad feelings -Helps with coping with stress -Reduces sensitivity to pain and stress -Reduces time needed to calm down after stressful event -Cumulative effects not found
44
Procrastinating
-Putting task off for later -Causes stress in long run -Poor academic performance -Higher hypertension -Cardiovascular disease
45
Sickness response (Misery)
-Coordinated, adaptive set of reactions to illness organized by brain -Activity and eating withdrawal to conserve energy to fight illness -Prolonged and exaggerated with illness -Immune response begins with activation of white cells (Lymphocytes) to eat "Microbe" and release "cytokines" protein -Communicates other white cells and sickness response to brain by activating vagus nerve
46
Sickness response cause
-Stress without infection -Feeling of lethargy -Fever -Increased white blood cell and cytokines count -In humans, the connection between sickness response, immune reaction and stress shown in depression
47
fMRI
-Activation in pain related areas (Anterior cingulate cortex somatosensory areas and prefrontal cortex) for those who reported higher levels of pain -Slowness in recognizing illness can be dangerous
48
Sick role
-Socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness -Provides exemptions and obligations -Sick people cannot appear to enjoy illness; must look sick -Must take care of treatment until end of undesired condition
49
Malingering
-Pretending medical or psychological symptoms to achieve something one wants -Cost-gain -Not possible for all illnesses eg) diabetes -Not always easy to diagnose and treat eg) Eating Disorder
50
Placebo
-Clinically significant psychological or physiological response to a therapeutically inert substance or procedure -Triggers release of endorphins and lower brain activation in areas associated with pain -Decrease brain activity in the thalamus. anterior cingulate cortex and insula -Pain sensitive brain region that were activated during untreated pain
51
Optimism
-Stable over time -Moderately heritable -Strongly predict positive outcome of cardiovascular health, even after removing other risk factors -aids in psychological and physical health -Stress management can help become optimist and enjoy its health benefits
52
Hardiness
-Stress resistant and hardy individuals -Thick-skinned and able to take stress -Healthier (Handle stress better) -Commitment: Involved Control: Actions and words have casual influence over lives Challenge: Willing to accept challenge, undertaking change, accept opportunities to growth
53
Self-regulation
-Exercise of voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards; willpower -Delay of instant gratification -Shift and persist strategy -Develop purpose in life
54
Optimism bias
-People believe that compared to others, they are more likely to experience positive events over negative ones -Unprotected sex -Unique invulnerability

psych 105 (7 decks)

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