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psych 105 > Chapter 13: Social Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Social Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Social Psychology

A

-Study of the causes and consequences of sociality
-Solutions to problems of the survival and reproduction
-Interpersonal behavior
-Interpersonal attraction
-Requirement to these solutions
-Understanding and predicating behaviors of each other
-Influences each other

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2
Q

Aggression

A

-Animals aggress when goals are frustrated
-Behavior whose purpose is to harm another
-Used by every animal on the planet to achieve goals

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3
Q

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

-All animals aggress when their goals are frustrated
-Proactive aggression
-Reactive aggression

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4
Q

Proactive aggression

A

-Planned, purposeful, towards a relevant target
-Benefits outweigh the cost, not associated with heightened arousal state
-Planned aggression
-Benefit > Cost

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5
Q

Reactive aggression

A

-Unplanned and spontaneous
-Occurs at most heightened emotional state
-Cost > Benefit
-When goals are not met, you feel stressed to get the behavior

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6
Q

Gender and aggression

A

-Men are responsible for 90% or murders and 80% of violent crimes
-Socialization
-Testosterone: Feel more powerful, dominant, & forward walking/talking styles
-More sensitive to signs or provocations, less sensitive to signs of retaliations
-Status and dominance may be threatened

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7
Q

Women’s aggression

A

-Verbal aggression
-Causing social harm
-Social bullying

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8
Q

Provoking aggression in males

A

-Challenging beliefs about personal status or dominance
-Highly reliable methods for raising male’s testosterone levels and provoking aggressive response
-Males unusually high self-esteem
-Inflated sense of self worth

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9
Q

Culture and aggression

A

-Aggression changes over time and varies across locations
-More prevalent in South, depending on context
-Culture affects standards of aggressive acts by promoting or discouraging aggression
-Violence is like contagious disease

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10
Q

Cooperation

A

-Behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit
-One of the most beneficial and most significant achievements of human kind

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11
Q

Risk in cooperation

A

-Ultimatum game
-Prisoner’s dilemma game
-Cucumber VS grape with monkeys
-Fairness threatens cooperation

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12
Q

Group

A

-Collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others
-In-group favoritism towards other members of the group (Prejudice)
-Evolution
-Early in development
-Easy to elicit
-Groups have benefits with cooperation and costs with other outcomes

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13
Q

Common knowledge effect

A

Focus on available information for everyone

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14
Q

Group polarization

A

Make more extreme decisions

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15
Q

Groupthink

A

-Care about how others feel
-Harmony

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16
Q

Deindividuation

A

When in a group their sense of individual responsibility and values

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17
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

When in a group, people feel diminished responsibility
-Social loafing: When in group, people work less hard
-Bystander effect: When in a group, people are less likely to help a person who is in a potentially harmful situation

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18
Q

Group Benefits

A

-Cooperation
-Increased health, happiness and well-being
-Source of identity

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19
Q

Altruism

A

Intentional behavior that benefits another at a potential cost to oneself

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20
Q

Kin Selection

A

-Process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives

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21
Q

Reciprocal altruism

A

Behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

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22
Q

Wallet research

A

-Return of a found wallet containing money and lost letter to be mailed was tracked
-The more money, the more likely to contact the owner
-Cultures and subcultural differences (Social environments)
-High market integration influence

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23
Q

Selectivity

A

-Sexual partners are selected and women tend to be choosier
-Sex is a more significant investments for women; possible pregnancy
-Culture
-Small changes in courtship rituals can cause men to be choosier

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24
Q

Attraction

A

-Feeling of preference to another
-Situational
-Physical
-Psychological

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25
Situational Factors
-Proximity breeds fondness -Mere exposure effect: Indicates that the tendency for liking increases with frequency of exposure -Physiological arousal can be misinterpreted as attraction
26
Common beauty standards
-Across many cultures -Predictors of good genes and good fertility/parenting -Clear skin and teeth, youthful eyes -Symmetrical face -Body shape -Age -"Average" faces more represented and therefore more attractive (Less mutations)
27
Body shape
-Male: Shoulders wider than the waist Female: Hips wider than the waist
28
Psychological factors in attraction
-Physical attractiveness is the major factor in early stages -Attraction fades quicker for women -We prefer mates who are psychologically (Attitudes and beliefs) similar to us for various reasons -Inner qualities play an important role
29
Inner qualities
-Personalities -Points of view, attitudes, beliefs, values -Ambitions, abilities, intelligence -Wit and wisdom -Loyalty, trustworthiness, kindness -Similar in age, education, SES, ethnicity -We find security and comfort to people similar to us
30
Homophily
-Tendency of people to like people who are similar to themselves -Human beings turn out to be remarkably homophilous -This makes interaction easy, validates, attitudes and beliefs, and provides feelings of "Being liked"
31
Nonhuman animals
-Most have relationships that end 10 seconds after sex is over -Some have relationships that last through a breeding season -Few have relationships that endure for years
32
Helpless animals
-Fully developed brain=big head can't pass through birth canal -Under developed brain=human infants are the most helpless animals -Need relationships to survive
33
Traditional reasons for marriage
-Growing food, building shelter, protection -Recently: Love
34
Passionate Love
Euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction
35
Companionate love
Affection, trust, and concern for a partner's well-being
36
Divorce
-3 in every 20 divorce or separation -People remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits
37
Comparison level for alternatoves
-Cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship -Alternative imagination
38
Equity
-State of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of the two partners are roughly equal -Also depends on how much previous investment is in the relationship -Sunk-cost fallacy
39
Sunk-cost fallacy
-People make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in situations
40
Medial prefrontal cortex
Active thinking about other people but not intimate objects
41
Social cognition
Processes by which people come to understand others
42
Category-based inferences
-Stereotyping -Only considering 1 person of representative based on their group
43
Target-based inferences
Focus on individual person and behavior
44
Representative heuristic
-Power of stereotypes -Mental shortcut that involves making a probability judgement by comparing an object or event with a prototype of the object or event
45
Stereotyping
-Process of drawing inferences about individuals based on their category membership -Useful and necessary process with harmful results
46
Prejudice
-Negative evaluation of discrimination -Discrimination: Negative behavior towards others based solely on their category membership -Negative evaluation of someone based on their group membership
47
Warmth VS Competence
-Warmth: Kind, or unkind, honest or dishonest -Competence: Intelligence, competence, ability to accomplish goals -Rich VS Poor
48
Transmission
-Interacting with other people (children can get them by seeing adult reactions) -Watching television -Social media -Listening to pop songs
49
Direct observation
-Two uncommon events happening together grabs attention -Overestimating the number of violent acts in the minority group -People pay attention to what is uncommon
50
Stereotype: overuse
-Stereotypes are most useful variability is low -Mere act of categorization makes believe the category is less variable -We underestimate within-category variability and overestimate their similarities -Rainbow/spectrum
51
self-perpetuation
-Stereotypes are hard to eradicate once formed -Behavioral confirmation/self-fulfilling prophecy: Tendency of targets to behave as observers expect them to behave
52
Perceptual confirmation
Tendency of the observer to see what they expect to see
53
Subtyping
-Tendency of observers to think of targets who disconfirm stereotypes as "Exceptions to the rule" -Keeps stereotypes intact -Implicit association test
54
Most effective training against bias
techniques that exposed white's to examples of blacks who defied their stereotype
55
least effective training against bias
Techniques that encouraged people to feel compassion towards or take the perspective of a black person
56
Attribution
Inference about the cause of a person's behavior
57
Disposition versus situations
-Dispositional attributions attribute someone's internal disposition as cause -Situational attributions attribute the external situation as cause
58
3 attributional questions
-Consistency -Consensus -Distinctiveness -Low consistency + high consensus + high distinctiveness = situational attribution -High consistency + low consensus + low distinctiveness = dispositional attribution
59
Fundamental attribution error
-Tendency to make a dispositional attribution when we should instead make a situational attribution -Situational attributions are hard to get and use
60
Actor-observer effect
Tendency to make situational attributions for our behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others
61
Social influence
-Ability to change or direct another persons behavior -Hedonic motive: Pleasure avoid pain -Approval motive: Accepted avoid rejection -Accuracy motive: Avoid believing what is false
62
Hedonic motive
-Pleasure VS pain -Over justification effect: Reward reduces intrinsic motivation -Reactance: Unpleasant feeling when people feel they are being pushed to do something
63
Approval motive
-Acceptance by others is a powerful motive -Depend on for safety, sustenance, solidarity -Norms: Doing what is appropriate -Norm of reciprocity: People should benefit those who have benefitted the -Door-in-the-face technique: Getting someone to accept a small request by first getting them to refuse a large request
64
Normative influence
When another persons behavior provides information on what is appropriate
65
Approval motive
-Other people can also influence us by defining new norms in ambiguous, confusing or novel (new) situations -Conformity: Doing what we see others do -Asch's conformity study
66
Obedience
-Tendency to do what authorities tell us to do -When obeying, normal behavior is being sensitive to social norms -Obedience is due to normative pressure -Stanley Milgrams 1933-1984 obedience study
67
Attitudes vs beliefs
-Attitudes tell us what we should do -Beliefs tell us how to do it -Motivated to rely on our attitudes and beliefs -People evaluate the accuracy of new beliefs by assessing their consistency with old beliefs
68
Informational influence
-occurs when another person's behavior provides information about what is good/right -Best sellers -Long lines -Popular drink
69
Persuasion
-When communication from another person influences a person's attitudes/beliefs -2 kinds 1) Central route: Logic and reason for strong evidence 2) Peripheral route: Habit and emotion for not particularly motivated situations
70
Consistency
-We are motivated to be consistent -Cognitive dissonance: Unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of their actions, attitudes, or beliefs -Cults, inconsistencies, anxiety

psych 105 (7 decks)

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