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psych 105 > Chapter 12: Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Personality Flashcards

1
Q

Personality

A

-Individual characteristics style of behavior, thinking and feeling
-Explanation of the basis for psychological differences among people

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2
Q

How to find personality differences

A

1) Prior events, genes, brains, subconscious, interpersonal surroundings. What happened before
2) Anticipated events that motivate the person (emphasis on the person’s own subjective, intimate and personal self reflection

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3
Q

Self reports

A

-Subjective information about their own thoughts, feelings, or behaviors, questionnaire/interview
-Series of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describes their behavior or mental state
-Multiple choice/forced choice
-Minimal test givers bias

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4
Q

MMPI

A

-Personality and psychological problems
-Clinically researched to find personality problems

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5
Q

Projective techniques

A

-Standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspect of an individual personality
-Rorschach inkblot test

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6
Q

Thematic Apperception test (TAT)

A

-Very subjective
-Test-giver may focus on the wrong details
-Many different interpretations for one story
-Open to subjective interpretation

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7
Q

Technology for personality

A

-Wireless communication
-Real-time computer analysis
-Automated behavior identification
-Forms of social media
-EAR technology

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8
Q

Trait (Gordon Allport)

A

-Relatively stable disposition or tendency in a particular and consistent way
-Traits stay the same throughout different conditions and events
-Used to categorize differences among individuals

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9
Q

Examine traits

A

-As a cause or a preexisting disposition for behavior (personality inventories)
-As motivations that guide behavior (projective tests)

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10
Q

Challenges with traits

A

-Narrowing the most infinite set of adjectives
-Discovering why people have particular traits and if these traits have biological or hereditary foundations
-Interesting traits we study changes over time

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11
Q

Trait theory and trait

A

-Trait theory describes personality as a combination of traits
-Consistent across a lifespan
-Trait is a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way

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12
Q

Trait VS behavior

A

-Trait as a cause of a preexisting disposition for behavior
-Personality inventories
-Trait as a motivation that guide the behavior (projective tests)
-Fashionable traits change over time

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13
Q

Big 5 personality traits

A

1) Openness to experience
2) Conscientiousness
3) Extraversion
4) Agreeable
5) Neuroticism
-Accounts for as much variation as possible while avoiding overlap
-Reliable across various populations, age groups and culture
-Extraversion, neuroticism and agreeableness in animals
-Generally more conscientious in 20’s more agreeable in 30 and less neurotic for older female

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14
Q

Twin studies

A

-Heritability estimates for for big 5 traits from 0.44 to 0.54
-Shared environment has little direct impact

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15
Q

Personality change

A

-Brain damage (Phineas Gage)
-Brain pathologies (Alzheimers disease, stroke, tumours)
-Pharmaceutical treatments that change brain chemistry

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16
Q

Gender differences

A

-Small differences in personalities between gender
-Men have higher assertiveness, self-esteem, sensation seeking
-Women are higher on neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

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17
Q

Social role theory

A

-Cultural standards and expectations
-Gender differences
-These differences emerge in adolescence
-Culture role and hormones

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18
Q

Extraversion

A

-Possibly due to cortical arousal differences
-Reticular formation: Region responsible for regulating arousal/alertness
-Extraverts pursue stimulation because their reticular formation in not easily stimulated

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19
Q

Extraversion and neuroticism

A

-Due to differences in two independent brain systems

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20
Q

Behavioral activation system (BAS)

A

-“To go system” promotes behaviors resulting behaviors resulting rewards

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21
Q

Behavioral inhibition system (BIS)

A

“Stop system”, prevents behaviors resulting in punishment

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22
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A

-Freud/Freuduian slips
-Personality is formed by needs, strivings and desires
-Operating outside of awareness

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23
Q

ID

A

-Drives present at birth
-Source of bodily needs, wants, desires and impulses (Sexual and aggressive)
-Pleasure principle
-No contact with reality (Irrational, illogical, fantasy)

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24
Q

Superego

A

-Reflects internalization of cultural rules, social standards (Right/wrong)
-Moral component
-Regulates behaviors, thoughts and fantasies
-Superego emerges from ego around 3-5 years
-Produces feelings of guilt, shame, pride

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25
Ego
-Developed through contact with external world -First 3 years -Reality principle -Mediates between the id's needs and what is socially acceptable (Rules, norms, etiquette) -Delayed gratification (ID would want it right away)
26
Anxiety
-Unpleasant feeling when unwanted thoughts or feelings occurs -Conflicts between Id, ego and superego
27
Defense mechanisms
-Unconscious reactions that protects a person from unpleasant emotions -Anxiety or guilt -Conflict (Ego and superego) to Anxiety to Reliance on defense mechanism
28
Psychodynamic approach limits
-Poor testability, after the fact interpretation rather than testable prediction -Vague definition: Is the ID totally unconscious? or does the unconscious even exist? Inadequate evidence: Clinical case studies (Therapists bias, biased populations studied, cannot generalize findings) -Sexism
29
Humanistic approach
-Emphasize a positive, optimistic view of human nature -Emphasis freedom and potential for personal growth
30
Existentialist approach
-Emphasize on individuals as responsible agents, free to create their life -Emphasize on the issue of meaning and the reality of death
31
Platus
Man is wolf to human
32
Freud
Human is driven by "Those half-tamed demons that inhabit the human beast"
33
Self-actualizing tendency
-Human motive towards realizing -Recognizes self-actualization as a higher need after basic needs are met -Individual personality differences arise from the environmental (Facilitations or blocks); attempts to satisfy psychological needs
34
Flow experience
-Feeling between boredom and anxiety during a task = flow experience -It feels good to do things that challenge your abilities but don't challenge them too much
35
Existential approach
-Focus on unique challenge/aspects of human being than lack of nurturing environment -Realities of life and death -Rollo May, Viktor Frankl, Irvin Yalom
36
Angst
-Anxiety of fully being -Angst can occur as we face difficulties finding meaning in life and death taking responsibility for making free choices among unlimited options -"Why am I here?" -"What is the meaning of life?"
37
How do we face angst issues
-Learn to accept and tolerate the pain of existence -Courage to accept the inherent anxiety and the dread of nonbeing -Develop supportive relationships -Avoid living with superficial answers
38
Social-Cognitive
-Views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them -Emphasizes a person's perception of the environment -Brings together insights from: Social psychology, cognitive psychology, learning theory
39
Person-Situation controversy
-Is behavior caused by more personality or by situational factor? -The situation and learning history are key determinants of behavior but are open to interpretation; how people perceive their environments
40
Predicting behavior
-Personality traits do little to predict behavior -r=0.30 on average -Behaviors may not transfer in different situations -Information about situations and personality predict behavior -Social-cognitive psychologists suggest that how we behave is influenced by personality and context
41
Limitations of Maslow's hierarchy
-Can't explain why some people reach self-actualization despite unmet basic -Doesn't account for those who meet basic needs but never pursue self-actualization -Existential approach focuses on unique challenge/aspects of human being than lack of nurturing environment (realities of life and death) -Rollo May, Viktor Frankl, Irvin Yalom
42
Death angst
Fear of mortality, unknown and the finite nature of human existence
43
Freedom Angst
Fear of responsibility, choice, and the uncertainty that comes with exercising freedom
44
Isolation Angst
Fear of being alone, disconnected, and without meaningful relationships of a sense of belonging
45
Meaningless Angst
Fear of living a life without purpose, significance, or direct
46
Provoked questions
-"Why am I here" -"What is the meaning of my life" -"What am I doing with my life"
47
Social-cognitive approach
-Views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them -Emphasizes a person's perception of the environment
48
Perspective
Situation exist in the eye of the beholder
49
Personal constructs
-Dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences -Key to personality differences
50
Outcome expectancies
-What is the consequence of each behavior -We perform behaviors that makes us closer to the goal -Individual differences in generalized expectancy for achieving goals (fully in control/no control)
51
Locus of control
-Person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment -Internal locus of control (less anxious, achieve more, cope better with stress) -External locus of control
52
Personality in mirrors
-Ability to recognize ourselves in mirrors occurs by 18 months of age -Self-recognition in mirrors -Contributes to reflexive thinking -Directs attention to our thoughts, feelings, and actions -Enables us to construct ideas about our personality
53
Self-knowledge
-Self-concept (how we think about ourselves) -Self-esteem (the way we feel about ourselves)
54
Self-concept
-Person's explicit knowledge of their own behaviors, traits and other personal characteristics -Self-Narratives: Stories we tell ourselves and life -Self-schemas: Set of traits we use to define ourselves -Self-narratives, traits, and behaviors don't always match up
55
Self-schemas
-A coherent scheme of traits about ourself -Effect of self-relevance on memory traits people use to judge the self tendency to stick in memory
56
Generalizations
-Traits used to describe ourselves are generalizations and do not fit every episode in our life stories -People can have a pretty strong sense of who they are even though they may not have self-narrative
57
How is sense of self constructed?
-Consensus held by the generalized others -Self-concept is stable and promotes consistency in behavior
58
Self-verification
Tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept
59
Self-esteem
-Extent to which individual likes, values, and accepts the self -Initial claims Vs New research
60
Initial vs new research
-Initial claims are that self esteem is good in many aspects of life -New research: High self esteem is associated with -Inflated sense of entitlement -Decrease empathy for others -Increased aggression and competitiveness -Fear of failure and risk-aversion -Self-serving bias: Take credit for successes but downplay responsibility for failures -Narcissism
61
Narcissism
-Extreme positive self-esteem -Grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others
62
Name-Letter effect
-Implicit egotism -Biased preference for things similar to us -Our names -Eg) Denny --> Dentist
63
Self-Concept in personality tests
Self report, person's perceptions and memories of the self's behavior and traits
64
Psychodynamic approach
Deeper unconscious forces provides themes for behavior
65
Humanistic and existential approaches
Importance concerns and challenges of being a human
66
Social-Cognitive approach
-Our personality in various social setting -Importance of self and it's perspective
67

psych 105 (7 decks)

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