Chapter 2 (License Law and Qualifications for Licensure) Flashcards
Caveat Emptor
A policy of let the buyer beware (buyer is responsible for own knowledge in real estate transactions).
Historical Perspective of Florida Real Estate License Law
Prior to the latter part of the 19th century, the real estate business was unorganized and extremely competitive. The policy of caveat emptor, a Latin term meaning “let the buyer beware,” prevailed. In 1923, the Florida legislature passed the real estate license law, Chapter 475 of the Florida statutes.
In 1925, the Florida Legislature created the Florida Real Estate Commission to administer and enforce the license law. The Legislature granted the Commission authority to keep records, conduct investigations, and the power to grant, deny, suspend, and revoke licenses. The Florida Real Estate Commission is also called the Commission or the FREC.
Today, the Division of Real Estate (DRE) provides support services to the Commission. The DRE is under the Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR).
The intent of real estate regulation is to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public (consumer protection). The Legislature believes the profession should be regulated when:
- The unregulated practice can harm the public, the potential harm is recognizable, and the danger outweighs any anticompetitive impact that might result from regulation;
- The public is not adequately protected by other state statutes, local ordinances, or federal laws; or
- Less restrictive means of regulation are not available.
Statutes and Rules Important to Real Estate
Applicants must meet certain application and academic requirements and demonstrate minimal competence with regard to the real estate business.
Prospective licensees must demonstrate knowledge of real estate business practices and knowledge of Florida real estate license law and certain federal laws pertaining to real estate.
To be prepared for the licensure examination and to competently perform real estate practices, the licensee must be familiar with the laws regulating the real estate business.
Florida Laws
- Florida Statute 20.
Chapter 20, Organizational Structure, establishes the structure of the executive branch of Florida’s government.
The Florida Constitution provides for the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. The executive branch executes the programs and policies adopted by the Legislature. The policies are implemented by the departments of the executive branch, including the Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR).
- Florida Statute Chapter 475.
This law is often called the Real Estate Professional Practice Act.
Chapter 475 was created by the Florida Legislature to establish the legal rights and responsibilities of real estate licensees and real estate appraisers.
*Chapter 475 is divided into four parts.
A. Part I pertains to real estate brokerage.
Real estate licensees are responsible for knowing the provisions of this chapter. The Florida Real Estate Commission (FREC) implements, interprets, and enforces the regulatory provisions of Chapter 475.
B. Part II of Chapter 475 pertains to real estate appraisers and sets forth the requirements for licensed and certified appraisers according to federal statute.
The Florida Real Estate Appraisal Board (FREAB) regulates state-certified, licensed, and registered trainee appraisers. The FREAB functions very similarly to the Florida Real Estate Commission (FREC). Both quasi-judicial bodies follow the same procedures for disciplining licensees.
C. Part III of Chapter 475, the Commercial Real Estate Sales Commission Lien Act, gives a broker lien rights for earned commission.
This act applies only to commercial property (not residential property). The lien is only against the owner’s net proceeds (personal property) from the sale and does not attach to the commercial real property.
D. Part IV, the Commercial Real Estate Leasing Commission Lien Act, gives a broker lien rights for earned commission associated with a brokerage agreement to lease commercial real estate.
3.Florida Statute 455.
The Regulation of Professions and Occupations defines the general legal practice and procedure for the DBPR and the licensees of all professions regulated by the DBPR, including real estate.
Section 455.10 of the statute provides that an individual cannot be disqualified from practicing an occupation or profession regulated by the state of Florida solely because the person is not a U.S. citizen.
Another section of this statute sets forth laws regarding Commission and board organization, meetings, compensation, and so forth.
This statute also concerns the unlicensed practice of a profession, including real estate.
Requirements concerning license examinations and the use of professional testing services are set forth in Chapter 455.
This law also mandates what actions the DBPR may take in regulating licensees.
Licensees who fail to comply with the provisions of this chapter can be disciplined by the FREC.
For example, Section 455.227, F.S., authorizes the Commission to discipline a real estate licensee who has failed to notify the DBPR within 30 days of a conviction, finding of guilt, plea, or adjudication of a crime, regardless of where the event occurred.
- Florida Statute 120.
The Administrative Procedure Act defines the procedural process by which regulatory agencies decide and implement agency action. The licensing and disciplinary process for real estate licensees is outlined in this unit.
- Chapter 61J2.
Chapter 61J2 is the rules of the Florida Real Estate Commission.
It is a set of administrative rules developed by the Florida Real Estate Commission, pursuant to the rulemaking process outlined in Chapter 120, Florida Statutes.
Administrative rules are published in the Florida Administrative Code (FAC).
The FREC promulgates these rules to expand upon the statutory provisions of Chapter 475, Florida Statutes, by addressing in greater detail, the principles of practice for the real estate profession (appraisal rules are in Chapter 61J1 of the FAC).
Important Federal and State Laws
The Bureau of Education and Testing’s Candidate Information Booklet for Sales Associates lists 36 Florida statutes and one rule of the Florida Administrative Code that are tested on the state license exam.
Students are also responsible for knowing the main points associated with nine Federal regulations codified in the U.S. Code.
The Candidate Information Booklet lists the applicable federal and state laws.
Online Resources
The best way to access the Florida statutes is using the official Online Sunshine website.
http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/
For the most up-to-date version of the administrative rules of the Florida Real Estate Commission, click here:
http://www.myfloridalicense.com/dbpr/re/statutes.html
Select “Florida Administrative Code Chapter 61J2.”
Click here:
http://www.myfloridalicense.com/dbpr/servop/testing/documents/RE_sales_cib.pdf
to download a copy of the Candidate Information Booklet. The booklet includes important information regarding taking the state license exam.
General Licensing Provisions
An individual typically begins a real estate career in Florida as a licensed sales associate.
Applicants who have completed the required education and passed the license exam are initially licensed as voluntary inactive sales associates.
Inactive sales associates can become active by finding an employer and filing the information with the DBPR.
Sales associates and broker associates are employed by and work under the direction and control of a broker or an owner-developer.
Sales associates and broker associates are agents of their employer.
An owner-developer is an unlicensed entity that sells, exchanges, or leases its own property. An example of an owner-developer is a real estate development company that owns land that it develops into subdivisions and then builds and sells homes.
An owner-developer’s sales staff must hold active real estate licenses in order to be paid a commission or other compensation based on actual sales (that is, on a transnational basis).
The sales staff is exempt from real estate licensure if paid strictly on a salaried basis.
To become a broker requires additional education, experience, and passing the broker license exam. While many sales associates want the prestige of a broker’s license, they are not interested in opening their own real estate brokerage business.
A broker associate is an individual who holds a broker’s license but who chooses to register and work in real estate under the direction of another broker.
Application Requirements
A person desiring to be licensed must submit an application.
The application is furnished by the DBPR and may be downloaded from the internet at the DBPR’s Form Center (see the web link below).
Applicants may download, print, and mail the application, or they may apply online.
Prior to accessing the online application, applicants must register one time with the DBPR using the applicant’s email address.
You can apply for a Florida real estate license online by clicking here.
Applicants are cautioned to complete the application carefully, particularly with respect to past history concerning felonies, misdemeanors, and traffic offenses (other than parking, speeding, inspection, or traffic signal violations). When responding regarding past history (background questions on application), applicants who have been convicted of a crime, found guilty, or entered a plea of guilty or *nolo contendere (no contest), even if court action (adjudication) was withheld, should attach full details of all cases with dates and outcomes, including any sentence and conditions imposed.
Attach to the application important documentation such as copies of police records.
Failure to truthfully disclose this information may result in denial of a real estate license.
In cases where a license has already been issued, revocation of the license may result.
An application number is assigned when an application is filed online.
Applicants who responded “yes” to any of the background questions should mail applicable documentation with a cover letter indicating the application number.
Applicants who have a criminal history or just want to make sure that no criminal matters are attached to their identity are best served by researching their criminal history.
For incidences that took place in Florida, an applicant can go online to the Florida Department of Law Enforcement (FDLE) website (see the web link below) and request a copy of the applicant’s Florida criminal history.
If a criminal matter that the applicant is aware of is not listed, the applicant will need to double-check with the local court regarding the status of the matter and confirm whether it was expunged.
If a matter appears on the list of criminal history, the applicant will know that the matter was not expunged and that it must be disclosed on the license application.
*Note that expungement is a process by which the record of a criminal conviction is destroyed or sealed after expiration of time.
Expungement is not automatic.
Attorneys charge extra for this, and applicants should not assume a record has been expunged without first confirming that the matter no longer appears on one’s criminal history. Applicants are not required to disclose a personal bankruptcy.
To perform a criminal history record search, click here:
http://www.fdle.state.fl.us/Content/home.aspx
Under “Search Our Systems,” select “Criminal History Records.” An applicant can order an FDLE criminal history report for $24.
Background Check of Criminal History
On the license application, applicants are asked whether they have ever been convicted of a crime, found guilty, or entered a plea of guilty or nolo contendere (no contest) to a criminal charge, even if the applicant received a withhold of adjudication.
When the court determines that a defendant is not likely to again engage in a criminal act and that the ends of justice and the welfare of society do not require that the defendant suffer the penalty imposed by law, the court may withhold adjudication of guilt, stay (stop) the imposition of the sentence, and place the defendant on probation. A withhold of adjudication must be disclosed on the application.
Nolo contendere is a plea of no contest entered in a criminal court of law. The defendant does not admit or deny the charges; although, a fine or sentence may be imposed by the court.
For out-of-state criminal history, an applicant should first contact the attorney who handled the matter. The applicant should also contact the court where the matter took place. If an applicant is not sure or cannot confirm the expungement of a criminal matter, the applicant should disclose it. It is better to disclose only to find out that the matter did not have to be disclosed than to not disclose and be charged with obtaining a license by fraud. When in doubt, disclose.
Applicants must submit their fingerprints as part of the license application process. An applicant’s fingerprints are scanned and electronically submitted to the FDLE and to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The purpose of the fingerprinting process is to determine whether an applicant has a criminal history.
The DBPR has contracted with its test vendor, Pearson VUE, to provide fingerprinting services for real estate applicants.
Fingerprints are scanned at Pearson VUE’s test sites and other locations subcontracted by Pearson VUE.
Once students have enrolled in the prelicense course for sales associates and have made application for a license, they are encouraged to go ahead and complete the fingerprinting process.
Students do not have to wait until the application is submitted and the course is completed before getting their fingerprints scanned.
In fact, getting fingerprints scanned early will allow the application to be approved sooner because the DBPR will not have to hold up the application approval pending the results from the criminal history check.
To schedule a fingerprinting appointment, click here:
https://pearson.ibtfingerprint.com/
Applicants choose a date and time and are asked to provide demographic information (gender, eye color, and so forth). Payment is due at the time of making the appointment.
The application fee must accompany the application.
Checks and money orders are accepted for applications received by mail.
Online applicants may charge the fee to a credit card.
A 30-day period is allowed after receipt of the application to check for errors and omissions and to send the applicant a notice of insufficiency concerning any additional information required.
An applicant’s failure to supply additional information may not be grounds for denial of a license unless the applicant was notified within the 30-day period.
Any application for licensure that is not processed within the legislated time periods must be considered approved.
An applicant must be informed of approval or denial of the application within 90 days after receipt of the last correctly submitted application.
When the Commission denies an application, it sends a copy of the denial to the applicant, lists the reasons for the denial, and advises that the applicant has 21 days from the date of receipt of the order to request a hearing in accordance with Chapter 120, F.S.
To check the status of your application, click here:
https://www.myfloridalicense.com/intentions2.asp
Select “View Application Status.”
Nonresident Applicant Requirements
Proof of U.S. citizenship is not required of applicants.
However, applicants must possess a Social Security number.
Furthermore, applicants do not have to be residents of Florida.
Nonresident Licensee Requirements
A Florida real estate licensee who moves out of state and becomes a nonresident of Florida is required by law to notify the Commission within 60 days of the change in residency.
The licensee agrees to keep the licensee’s mailing address current.
Nonresident licensees must satisfactorily complete the post-licensing and continuing education required of all Florida real estate licensees.
Nonresident applicants and licensees must comply with all other F.S. 475 requirements and FREC rules.
Rules Pertaining to Nonresident Licensees
Any resident licensee who becomes a nonresident must notify the Commission within 60 days of the change in residency and comply with all nonresident requirements.
A Florida resident licensee who fails to notify the Commission of becoming a nonresident as prescribed in Section 475.180 may be issued a citation and fined $300.
Reference: Section 475.180, F.S., and 61J2-24.002, F.A.C.
Mutual Recognition Agreements
The FREC currently has mutual recognition agreements with licensing authorities in eight states:
Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Georgia, Illinois, Mississippi, Nebraska, and Oklahoma.
The intent of mutual recognition agreements is to recognize the education and experience of individuals licensed in another state or nation when the other jurisdiction has education and experience requirements comparable to Florida’s requirements.
The agreements apply exclusively to nonresidents who are licensed in other jurisdictions.
A resident of Florida who is licensed in a mutual recognition state cannot apply for a Florida real estate license under mutual recognition.
If a holder of a real estate license from a state with which Florida has a mutual recognition agreement desires a Florida real estate license, the individual submits a Florida real estate license application.
The applicant requests mutual recognition on the license application and indicates from which state mutual recognition is being requested.
An applicant applying for mutual recognition must obtain a certification of license history from the Real Estate Commission in the state where the applicant is licensed.
A certification of license history must contain the applicant’s initial license exam information, current license status, the number of active months of licensure within the preceding five years, and whether any disciplinary action has been taken against the licensee. The certification is submitted with the application.
Real estate applicants approved for licensure under mutual recognition are exempt from the prelicense education course.
However, the mutual recognition applicant must demonstrate mastery of Florida’s real estate license law by passing a written Florida-specific real estate law license exam.
The exam consists of 40 questions worth one point each.
A grade of 30 points (75%) or higher is required to pass the exam.
After demonstrating knowledge of Florida license law, the applicant is issued a Florida real estate license.
Individuals who receive a Florida real estate license under mutual recognition must fulfill the same post-license and continuing education requirements as all other Florida real estate licensees (post-license education and continuing education requirements are explained later in this unit).
Mutual recognition agreements also ensure that Florida licensees have an opportunity for licensure in mutual recognition states.
The agreements are state-specific and what is required of Florida licensees varies among mutual recognition states depending on how another state’s license law compares to Florida’s license law.
A Florida real estate licensee interested in obtaining a license from a mutual recognition state should contact the state’s Real Estate Commission for information regarding application
Mutual Recognition is Not Reciprocity
Reciprocity is an agreement between two states that allows a real estate licensee with a valid license in one of the states to practice real estate in both states. There is no reciprocity between Florida and any other state.
Florida instead has entered into contractual agreements, called mutual recognition agreements, with some other states.
Florida and another state enter into a contract to recognize each other’s real estate license education. Mutual recognition applicants must demonstrate knowledge of Florida’s real estate laws by passing a license exam that consists of 40 questions concerning Florida-specific real estate law.
After demonstrating knowledge of Florida license law, the applicant is issued a Florida real estate license.
Only nonresidents of Florida may use education obtained in a mutually recognized state to obtain a Florida real estate license.
Florida Resident Defined
For application and licensing purposes, the FREC rules define a resident of Florida as a person who has resided in Florida continuously for a period of four calendar months or more within the preceding year, regardless of whether the person resided in a recreational vehicle, hotel, rental unit, or other temporary or permanent location.
Any person who presently resides in Florida in any of the above-described accommodations with the intention of residing continuously in Florida for four months or longer, beginning on the date the person established the current period of residence, is also considered a legal Florida resident.
This is the test used to determine whether an applicant for licensure qualifies as a nonresident under mutual recognition.
Sales Associate Qualifications for Licensure
The sales associate applicant must:
be 18 years of age or older;
have a high school diploma or its equivalent;
possess a Social Security number;
be honest, truthful, trustworthy, of good character, and have a reputation for fair dealing; and
be competent and qualified to make real estate transactions and conduct negotiations with safety to investors and others.
License Application
A Social Security number is required to apply for a real estate license.
In the Full Legal Name section of the license application, applicants must enter their name as it appears on their Social Security card.
Florida law requires that an applicant’s Social Security number be disclosed on all professional license applications.
The Social Security number is used to determine whether applicants are in compliance with child support obligations.
A real estate license application is valid for two years from the date the complete application is received by the DBPR.
The application expires two years after it is received by the DBPR.
Reference: Section 475.181(2) and 455.213, F.S.
When completing an application for licensure, the applicant must disclose:
regardless of adjudication, whether the applicant has ever been convicted or found guilty of a crime, has ever entered a plea of guilty or nolo contendere (no contest) to a crime, or is currently under criminal investigation;
whether the applicant has ever done business under any name or alias other than the name signed on the application (this includes maiden names);
whether in Florida or in any other state or jurisdiction, the applicant has had disciplinary action against a license (registration or permit) to practice a regulated profession (disciplinary action includes revocation, annulment, suspension, relinquishment, surrender, or a pending investigation against a professional license); and
whether in Florida or in any other state or jurisdiction, the applicant has had an application for a real estate license denied or there is a pending proceeding to deny an application.
An applicant who has been disbarred or is guilty of the offenses listed above is not considered qualified for a real estate license unless passage of time, good conduct and reputation, or other sufficient reasons cause the Commission to believe granting the license will not endanger the interests and welfare of the general public.
Applicants who acted as, attempted to act as, or held themselves out as a real estate broker or sales associate during the year prior to filing an application, or until a valid license was issued, may have their license application denied.
The denial may occur regardless of whether compensation was an issue.
Education Requirements
Sales associate candidates must successfully complete Course I or an equivalent FREC-approved prelicense course.
The course is based on understanding and applying the fundamentals of real estate principles and practices, real estate law, real estate license law, and real estate mathematics.
Course I consists of 60 hours of instruction plus 3 hours for an end-of-course examination.
The end-of-course examination consists of 100 questions worth one point each and is normally organized with 45 questions on principles and practices, 45 questions on real estate law, and 10 math questions.
A passing score of at least 70 is required on the end-of-course exam.
Time Limit for Prelicense Education
If an applicant does not pass the state license exam within two years after the course completion date, the course completion expires, and the applicant must again complete the prelicense education course.
The completion date is the date the student passed the prelicense end-of-course exam.
Exemptions to the Prelicense Course Requirement
Attorneys who are active members of The Florida Bar are exempt from Course I.
Additionally, individuals who have received a four-year degree in real estate from an accredited institution of higher education are exempt from the prelicense course.
Regulations Pertaining to Prelicense Courses
A student may not miss more than eight hours of instruction.
An instructional hour is considered to be 50 minutes (Section 475.17, F.S.).
A student may attend makeup classes to take the end-of-course exam or a makeup exam if absences were due to student or family illness, if done within 30 days of the regularly scheduled exam time, or later with Commission approval.
Makeup classes must consist of the original course material that the student missed (61J2-3.008, F.A.C.).
The school or institution provides each student passing the end-of-course exam with a FREC-prescribed grade report of successful completion of the course.
The school must submit a roster notifying the Commission of the name of each student who has satisfactorily completed the education requirements (Section 475.175, F.S.).
The student must pass the school-administered end-of-course exam with a grade of 70 or higher (61J2-3.008, F.A.C.).
A student failing the end-of-course exam must wait at least 30 days from the date of the original examination to retest. Within one year of the original examination, a student may retest a maximum of one time.
Otherwise, a student failing the end-of-course exam must repeat the course prior to being eligible to retake the end-of-course examination.
Schools must administer a different form of the end-of-course exam to a student who is retaking the exam or repeating the course (61J2-3.008, F.A.C.).
Students may choose to complete a distance-learning course and satisfactorily complete a timed, distance learning course examination (Section 475.17, F.S.).
The prelicense course may be taken by correspondence or other suitable means by anyone who, because of individual physical hardship, cannot attend the course where it is regularly conducted or who does not have access to distance learning courses (Section 475.17, F.S.).
License Examinations
When the application processing is complete and the applicant is considered qualified, the DBPR notifies the national testing vendor.
The vendor then sends a notice informing the candidate of eligibility to take the state license examination.
Applicants schedule examination appointments directly through the testing vendor.
License examinations for sales associates and broker applicants are given at test sites located throughout Florida.
The license exam may also be taken in any state where the test vendor has a test center.
Examinees must be prepared to show sufficient identification to obtain admission to the test site.
Sufficient identification is defined as two forms of signature identification, one of which contains a photograph and the signature of the applicant.
Student and employment identification cards are not accepted.
Examinees must also provide the notice of satisfactory completion (grade report) at the scheduled examination as proof that they have satisfactorily completed the Commission-prescribed course.
The grade report is issued by the school as proof that the student successfully completed the required prelicense course.
The examination consists of multiple-choice questions and is administered as a computerized test.
The license exam is offered in English and Spanish.
Students who want the Spanish version must request the Spanish language examination when making the test reservation.
Students who elect to take the license exam in Spanish may toggle between the Spanish and English translation of each question while taking the exam. The passing score on the license exam is a grade of 75 or higher.
Examinees’ answers are graded at the test site.
Examinees who pass the exam are given a “pass” notification at the test site.
A real estate license is mailed to examinees who passed the exam.
New sales associates must change their license to active status before legally operating as a sales associate.
A change from inactive to active status is accomplished by submitting the appropriate DBPR form.
The form includes the sales associate’s name, license number, contact information, and the employer’s name, license number, and business address.
The form is signed by the broker or owner-developer and the sales associate.
Florida brokers may also register new licensees online at the DBPR’s website.
New licensees must not begin working until the DBPR website indicates that the license has been changed to active status under the proper broker or brokerage entity.
Licensees can monitor the progress of their change of status request on the DBPR website.
To download and print the Change of Status for Sales Associates and Broker Sales Associates form, click here. Click here to monitor the progress of a request for change of status. Select “Renew Your License” and follow the prompts.
Examinees who fail the license exam are given a failure notice at the test site.
The failure notice includes a breakdown of the points scored in each major content area.
The notice also includes information about reviewing the exam, retaking the exam, and requesting a formal administrative hearing to challenge the exam.
Requests to review the exam must be received within 21 days after the date of the examination (release date on the original grade notification).
Review appointments are scheduled with the test vendor. Examinees may only review the questions they answered incorrectly.
Applicants who fail the license exam have the right, at their own expense, to have an attorney review the exam with them.
During the exam review, an applicant who has objections to any of the exam questions and answers should write down the objections to the specific questions and turn in the comments to the test center employee (review monitor).
If the examination review results in a corrected score, the new score will apply only to the applicant who challenged the examination questions.
An applicant also has the right to petition for a formal hearing before the Division of Administrative Hearings.
A request for a hearing before an administrative law judge must be filed within 21 days from the date of the on-site grade notice, or 21 days from the date of the letter notifying the student of the DBPR evaluation decision regarding the student’s challenges.
The request for a hearing is filed with the Chief, Bureau of Education and Testing, DBPR.
Post-Licensing Education
Sales associates are required to successfully complete a prescribed post-licensing education requirement before the first renewal of their licenses.
This requirement has the effect of placing all initial licenses in a conditional (probationary) status because failure to complete the post-licensing education requirement will cause the initial license to become null and void by operation of law.
Sales associates who do not complete the 45-hour post-licensing requirement and want to continue in the real estate business are required to requalify for licensure by repeating the prelicense course and end-of-course exam and by again passing the state licensing exam.
Post-licensure courses are offered by accredited colleges, universities, and community colleges; area technical centers; real estate proprietary schools; and FREC-approved sponsors.
Post-licensure courses are offered in live classroom format and online.
Students must pass the 45-hour end-of-course exam with a score of 75% or higher.
Licensees who fail the end-of-course exam must wait at least 30 days from the date of the original examination to retake a different form of the end-of-course examination (alternatively, licensees who do not want to wait 30 days may choose to retake the course and, in such cases, take a different form of the end-of-course exam).
Florida-licensed attorneys who are also licensed real estate sales associates must complete the post-licensing education requirement.
A licensed sales associate who has received a four-year degree in real estate from an accredited institution of higher education is exempt from the sales post-license education requirement.
Tips Regarding Post-License Education
Students should not enroll in a post-license course until first becoming licensed.
If you take your post-license course before becoming licensed, the course will not count.
Students are encouraged to take their post-license education soon after becoming licensed. Do not wait until the last minute.
Plan to complete the course at least 30 days before the expiration date on your license. Licensees who fail the post-license end-of-course exam must wait at least 30 days from the date of the original examination to retake a different form of the end-of-course examination.
Therefore, it is wise to allow yourself ample time so that if you need to retake the exam, you can do so before the expiration date on your license.
If you are taking the course by distance education, your school will need time to grade your exam and electronically submit the results to the state before your expiration date.
Furthermore, you need to allow for unexpected events, such as computer problems, sickness, and emergencies.
