Chapter 2 (Lecture)

Question 1

Reorder:

Organism/Tissues/cells/atoms/organs/organ systems

Answer 1

Atoms
Cells 
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organism

Question 2

All cells come from

Answer 2

stem cells

Question 3

Totipotent stem cell

Answer 3

can become any cell in the body as well as an entire organism

toti=total

Question 4

Pluripotent stem cell

Answer 4

can become any cell in the body

Question 5

Multi potent stem cell

Answer 5

Can become a limited number of cell types

Question 6

Adult stem cells are

Answer 6

multipotent

Question 7

Embryonic stem cells are

Answer 7

pluripotent

Question 8

Four major tissues originate from ____

Answer 8

germ layers

Question 9

The ectoderm leads to what types of cells

Answer 9

nervous tissue, skin (covering tissue)

Question 10

The mesoderm leads to what types of cells

Answer 10

muscle (Middle stuff)

Question 11

The endoderm leads to what types of cells

Answer 11

inner tracts (inner stuff)

Question 12

Atrophy means

Answer 12

shrinkage or decrease in cell size.

Question 13

causes of atrophy physical conditions:

Answer 13

aging

Question 14

Pathological causes of atrophy

Answer 14

blood supply decrease, decreased nutrition, lack of neural or hormone support.

Question 15

Hyperplasia

Answer 15

increase in cell number due to hormonal stimulation, increased functional demand, chronic stress.

Question 16

Meta plasia

Answer 16

Replacement of one cell type with another (stress moves columnar epithelial to squamous, typically reversible)

Question 17

Dysplasia

Answer 17

Change in cell resulting in abnormal cell size, shape, or organization.

Question 18

Dysplasia is often considered

Answer 18

premalignant

Question 19

Apoptosis is

Answer 19

programmed cell death, damage triggers it (mitochondria initiates it)

Question 20

Necrosis

Answer 20

Sledgehammer: unregulated death, cells swell and rupture to damage nearby cells, causes inflammation. Always pathological (due to injuries)

Question 21

Aging occurs due to

Answer 21

Cells not being able to repair telomeres (protective coverings at the end of dna)