Chapter 2 (Lecture) Flashcards
Reorder:
Organism/Tissues/cells/atoms/organs/organ systems
Atoms Cells Tissues Organs Organ systems Organism
All cells come from
stem cells
Totipotent stem cell
can become any cell in the body as well as an entire organism
toti=total
Pluripotent stem cell
can become any cell in the body
Multi potent stem cell
Can become a limited number of cell types
Adult stem cells are
multipotent
Embryonic stem cells are
pluripotent
Four major tissues originate from ____
germ layers
The ectoderm leads to what types of cells
nervous tissue, skin (covering tissue)
The mesoderm leads to what types of cells
muscle (Middle stuff)
The endoderm leads to what types of cells
inner tracts (inner stuff)
Atrophy means
shrinkage or decrease in cell size.
causes of atrophy physical conditions:
aging
Pathological causes of atrophy
blood supply decrease, decreased nutrition, lack of neural or hormone support.
Hyperplasia
increase in cell number due to hormonal stimulation, increased functional demand, chronic stress.
Meta plasia
Replacement of one cell type with another (stress moves columnar epithelial to squamous, typically reversible)
Dysplasia
Change in cell resulting in abnormal cell size, shape, or organization.
Dysplasia is often considered
premalignant
Apoptosis is
programmed cell death, damage triggers it (mitochondria initiates it)
Necrosis
Sledgehammer: unregulated death, cells swell and rupture to damage nearby cells, causes inflammation. Always pathological (due to injuries)
Aging occurs due to
Cells not being able to repair telomeres (protective coverings at the end of dna)
