Chapter 2 Key Terms And People

Question 1

abstract

Answer 1

Abstract — An abstract summarizes, the major aspects of the entire paper in a prescribed sequence that includes:
1) the overall purpose of the study and the research
problem(s) you investigated;
2) the basic design of the study;
3) major findings or trends found as a result of your analysis; and,
4) a brief summary of your interpretations and conclusions.

Question 2

anecdotal evidence pg80

Answer 2

Anecdotal evidence - personal stories about specific incident and experiences.

Question 3

Between subject design

Answer 3

Between subject design — compares the responses of different groups of individuals under different conditions

Question 4

case study 55

Answer 4

Case study - an in-depth investigation of an individual subject

Question 5

confounding of variables 51

Answer 5

Confounding variables — when two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects.

Question 6

control group 50

Answer 6

Control group — consists of similar subjects to the experiment group but do not receive the special treatment that the experiment group receives.

Question 7

correlation 62

Answer 7

Correlation — when two variables are related to each other.

Question 8

correlation coefficient 62

Answer 8

Correlation coefficient - the numeral index of the degree of relationship between two variables.

Question 9

data collection techniques 46

Answer 9

Data collection techniques —
Table2.1
1.) direct observation
2.) Questionnaire
3.) interview
4.) Psychological test
5.) Psychological recording
6.) examination of archival records

Question 10

deception

Answer 10

Deception — The research tool of misleading subjects in order to study their behavior.

Question 11

dependent variable 49

Answer 11

Dependent variable — the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable.

Question 12

descriptive statistics 59

Answer 12

Descriptive statistics — used to summarize and organize data

Question 13

double-blind procedure 69

Answer 13

Double blind procedure — research strategy in which neither the subjects nor the experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups.

Question 14

evidence-based decision making 81

Answer 14

Evidence based decision making — making decision based on empirical evidence.

Question 15

experiment 49

Answer 15

Experiment — research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observed whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result.

Question 16

experimental group 50

Answer 16

Experimental group — subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable.

Question 17

experimenter bias 69

Answer 17

Experimenter bias — when a researchers expectations or preference about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained.

Question 18

extraneous variables 51

Answer 18

Extraneous variables — any variables other than the independent that seem likely to influence the dependent variable ima specific study.

Question 19

hypothesis 44

Answer 19

Hypothesis — tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.

Question 20

independent variable49

Answer 20

Independent variable — a condition or event that the experimenter varies I. Order to see it’s impact on another variable.

Question 21

inferential statistics 64

Answer 21

Inferential statistics — used to interpret data and draw conclusions.

Question 22

interaction

Answer 22

Interaction — the effect of one variable depends on the effect of another.

Bridge intensity interacted with sexual attraction after crossing

Question 23

Journal 48

Answer 23

Journal — periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry.

Question 24

mean 59

Answer 24

Mean — the arithmetic average of all the scores in the distribution

Question 25

median 59

Answer 25

Median — is the score that falls exactly in the center of the distribution.

Question 26

mode 59

Answer 26

Mode — most frequent score in the distribution

Question 27

naturalistic observation 54

Answer 27

Naturalistic observation — a researcher engages in careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with the research subjects or participants.

Question 28

negative correlation 62

Answer 28

Negative correlation — two variables co-vary in the opposite directions

Question 29

operational definition 46

Answer 29

Operational definition — describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable.

Question 30

participants 46

Answer 30

Participants — persons or animals whose behavior is being observed in a study.

Question 31

placebo effect 67

Answer 31

Placebo — when the participants expectations lead them to experience some change even tough they receive fake, empty, or ineffectual treatment.

Question 32

placebo 67

Answer 32

Placebo —. A substance that resembles a drug while having non pharmacological effect

Question 33

population66

Answer 33

Population — larger collection of subjects from which a sample is drawn that researchers want to generalize about.

Question 34

positive correlation

Answer 34

Positive correlation — indicates the two variables co-vary in the sma e directions.

Question 35

random assignment 51

Answer 35

Random assignment — all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition in the study.

Question 36

random sampling

Answer 36

Random sampling — each individual subject in the population has an equal chance of being selected as the other subjects in the population

Question 37

replication 65

Answer 37

Replication — repetition of a study to whether the earlier results are duplicated.

Question 38

research methods 49

Answer 38

Research methods — case study, experiments, naturalistic observation, survey

Question 39

response set 69

Answer 39

Response set — a tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of the question.

Question 40

sample 66

Answer 40

Sample — collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study.

Question 41

sampling bias 67

Answer 41

Sampling bis — exists when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn.

Question 42

social desirability bias 68

Answer 42

Social desirability bias — tendency to give socially approved answers to questions abott it oneself.

Question 43

standard deviation 60

Answer 43

Standard deviation — index of the amount of variability in a set of data.

Question 44

statistical significance 65

Answer 44

Statistical significance— exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low.

Question 45

statistics 58

Answer 45

Statistics — is the use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data.

Question 46

surveys 56

Answer 46

Surveys - in a survey researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of participants behavior.

Question 47

theory 45

Answer 47

Theory — a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.

Question 48

variability 60

Answer 48

Variability — refers to how much the scores in a data set vary from each other and from the mean.

Question 49

variables 44

Answer 49

Variables — any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study.

Question 50

within-subject design

Answer 50

Within subject design — involves comparing responses made by the same subject or group under different conditions.

Question 51

• Neal Miller 75

Answer 51

Neal Miller —contended that while animal experimentation can be cruel it is far more cruel to deprive the world of the knowledge that can be gained

Question 52

• Robert Rosenthal 69

Answer 52

Robert Rosenthal —
1976
In the study Rosenthal and Fode (1963)
Rosenthal tested experimenter bias using an experimental research method.
Experimenter bias — is a research strategy in which nether subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups.

Question 53

• David Wolfe 50

Answer 53

David Wolfe —
2006
In his study (Wolfe, Jaffa, & Crooks, 2006)
Studied the effects of treatment on dating abuse using the experiment research method.
Experimental group — psycho-educational treatment program
Control group — Standard CPS
Intervention was effective in reducing frequency and severity of teens’ experience of abuse in relationships.