Chapter 2 Key Terms And People Flashcards
abstract
Abstract — An abstract summarizes, the major aspects of the entire paper in a prescribed sequence that includes:
1) the overall purpose of the study and the research
problem(s) you investigated;
2) the basic design of the study;
3) major findings or trends found as a result of your analysis; and,
4) a brief summary of your interpretations and conclusions.
anecdotal evidence pg80
Anecdotal evidence - personal stories about specific incident and experiences.
Between subject design
Between subject design — compares the responses of different groups of individuals under different conditions
case study 55
Case study - an in-depth investigation of an individual subject
confounding of variables 51
Confounding variables — when two variables are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects.
control group 50
Control group — consists of similar subjects to the experiment group but do not receive the special treatment that the experiment group receives.
correlation 62
Correlation — when two variables are related to each other.
correlation coefficient 62
Correlation coefficient - the numeral index of the degree of relationship between two variables.
data collection techniques 46
Data collection techniques — Table2.1 1.) direct observation 2.) Questionnaire 3.) interview 4.) Psychological test 5.) Psychological recording 6.) examination of archival records
deception
Deception — The research tool of misleading subjects in order to study their behavior.
dependent variable 49
Dependent variable — the variable that is thought to be affected by the manipulation of the independent variable.
descriptive statistics 59
Descriptive statistics — used to summarize and organize data
double-blind procedure 69
Double blind procedure — research strategy in which neither the subjects nor the experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups.
evidence-based decision making 81
Evidence based decision making — making decision based on empirical evidence.
experiment 49
Experiment — research method in which the investigator manipulates a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observed whether any changes occur in a second variable as a result.
experimental group 50
Experimental group — subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable.
experimenter bias 69
Experimenter bias — when a researchers expectations or preference about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained.
extraneous variables 51
Extraneous variables — any variables other than the independent that seem likely to influence the dependent variable ima specific study.
hypothesis 44
Hypothesis — tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables.
independent variable49
Independent variable — a condition or event that the experimenter varies I. Order to see it’s impact on another variable.
inferential statistics 64
Inferential statistics — used to interpret data and draw conclusions.
interaction
Interaction — the effect of one variable depends on the effect of another.
Bridge intensity interacted with sexual attraction after crossing
Journal 48
Journal — periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, usually in a narrowly defined area of inquiry.
mean 59
Mean — the arithmetic average of all the scores in the distribution
median 59
Median — is the score that falls exactly in the center of the distribution.
mode 59
Mode — most frequent score in the distribution
naturalistic observation 54
Naturalistic observation — a researcher engages in careful observation of behavior without intervening directly with the research subjects or participants.
negative correlation 62
Negative correlation — two variables co-vary in the opposite directions
operational definition 46
Operational definition — describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable.
participants 46
Participants — persons or animals whose behavior is being observed in a study.
placebo effect 67
Placebo — when the participants expectations lead them to experience some change even tough they receive fake, empty, or ineffectual treatment.
placebo 67
Placebo —. A substance that resembles a drug while having non pharmacological effect
population66
Population — larger collection of subjects from which a sample is drawn that researchers want to generalize about.
positive correlation
Positive correlation — indicates the two variables co-vary in the sma e directions.
random assignment 51
Random assignment — all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition in the study.
random sampling
Random sampling — each individual subject in the population has an equal chance of being selected as the other subjects in the population
replication 65
Replication — repetition of a study to whether the earlier results are duplicated.
research methods 49
Research methods — case study, experiments, naturalistic observation, survey
response set 69
Response set — a tendency to respond to questions in a particular way that is unrelated to the content of the question.
sample 66
Sample — collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study.
sampling bias 67
Sampling bis — exists when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn.
social desirability bias 68
Social desirability bias — tendency to give socially approved answers to questions abott it oneself.
standard deviation 60
Standard deviation — index of the amount of variability in a set of data.
statistical significance 65
Statistical significance— exists when the probability that the observed findings are due to chance is very low.
statistics 58
Statistics — is the use of mathematics to organize, summarize, and interpret numerical data.
surveys 56
Surveys - in a survey researchers use questionnaires or interviews to gather information about specific aspects of participants behavior.
theory 45
Theory — a system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations.
variability 60
Variability — refers to how much the scores in a data set vary from each other and from the mean.
variables 44
Variables — any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study.
within-subject design
Within subject design — involves comparing responses made by the same subject or group under different conditions.
- Neal Miller 75
Neal Miller —contended that while animal experimentation can be cruel it is far more cruel to deprive the world of the knowledge that can be gained
- Robert Rosenthal 69
Robert Rosenthal —
1976
In the study Rosenthal and Fode (1963)
Rosenthal tested experimenter bias using an experimental research method.
Experimenter bias — is a research strategy in which nether subjects nor experimenters know which subjects are in the experimental or control groups.
- David Wolfe 50
David Wolfe —
2006
In his study (Wolfe, Jaffa, & Crooks, 2006)
Studied the effects of treatment on dating abuse using the experiment research method.
Experimental group — psycho-educational treatment program
Control group — Standard CPS
Intervention was effective in reducing frequency and severity of teens’ experience of abuse in relationships.
