Chapter 1 Key People

Question 1

Sigmund Freud Pg 9

Answer 1

PSYCHOANALYTIC
►Treated people with mental disorders with a method called psychoanalysis
►Developed the idea of the unconscious
►Used psychoanalysis and the knowledge of the unconscious mind to develop psychoanalytic theory.
♦1909►G. Stanley Hall invites Freud to give lectures at Clark University; influence receives formal recognition
♦1933►Publishes New introductory lectures on Psychoanalysis; influence increases.

Question 2

G, Stanley Hall Pg 24

Answer 2

FOUNDED FIRST DEMON.LAB.
♦1883►Established America’s first psychology research laboratory at Johns Hopkins University.
►1892 - Founds American Psychological Association.

Question 3

Donald Hebb Pg 17

Answer 3

1949 - NEUROSCIENCE FOUNDER, CANADIAN
►McGill University Psychology faculty chair who is credited with paving the way for the recent cognitive revolution in psychology
►1949 - Wrote book ‘The Organization of Behavior’: A Neuropsychological Theory.
▬Made McGill a North American Mecca for psychological research and development (Klein 1999)
►Approached the study of psychology through physiological means such as the functions of neurons in the brain.

Question 4

William James Pg6

Answer 4

FUNCTIONALIST 1842-1910
♦1875 ►Independently set up psychology’s first demonstration laboratory (at the same time as Wundt) at Harvard University.
♦1890► Wrote psychology’s most influential text: Principles of Psychology.
►Contended that psychology should study the function rather than the structure of consciousness.
►Contended consciousness was a stream rather than static points the structuralists claimed. James coined the term stream of consciousness.
►Other functionalists: James Mckeen Cattell and John Dewey.
>investigated
1 patterns of development in children.
2 the effectiveness of educational practices.
3 behavioral differences between the sexes.

Question 5

Brenda Milner Pg 14

Answer 5

CANADIAN - NEUROPSYCHOLOGIST
►Canadian psychologist from McGill
►Crucial contributions to memory
►One of the founders of neuropsychology

Question 6

Carl Rogers Pg 13

Answer 6

HUMANIST
►Other humanists: Abraham Maslow
►Argued that behavior is governed primarily by each individuals sense of self.
►Argued humans had a fundamental need to progress. People are beasts of burden.
►Concept Check 1.2 “I do not have a Pollyanna? view of human nature… Yet one of the most refreshing and invigorating parts of my experience is to work with my clients and to discover the strongly positive directional tendencies which exist in them, as in all of us at the deepest levels.
►”it seems to me that at the bottom each person asking, ‘who am i really? How can i get in touch with this ‘real self’ underlying all my surface behavior? How can i become myself?”

Question 7

Martin Seligman Pg 21

Answer 7

POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
►American Psychology Association President 1997
►Launched initiative known as the positive psychology movement.
►Other architects of the positive psychology movement: Mihaly Csikszentmigalyi2000
Christopher Peterson 2000
Barbara Fredrickson 2002
►Positive Psychology - uses theory and research to better understand the positive, creative fulfilling and adaptive aspects of human existence.
►Critics: Richard Lazarus: “ dividing human experience into positive and negative categories is an oversimplification.” “Probably a fad.”

Question 8

B.F. Skinner Pg11

Answer 8

BEHAVIORIST
►Arguably the most famous scientist of the time(circa 1970) (Rutherford, 2009)
►Developed the idea of radical behaviorism - internal thought is not necessary to study behavior.
► Organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes, and they tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes.
►Was controversial for his claim that consciousness does not necessitate free will.
♦1953►Published the influential ‘Science and Human Behavior’; Advocated radical behaviorism (similar to Watson’s)
♦1971 ►Published the controversial book ‘Beyond Freedom and Dignity’; Created controversy about the existence of free will.

Question 9

John B. Watson. Pg. 7

Answer 9

FOUNDER OF BEHAVIORISM
►1878-1958
►Founded the idea of behaviorism - a theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should only study observable behavior.
►Mental processes were private events not suitable for scientific study.
►Argued purely for nurture in nature vs. nurture.
►”The time seems to have come when psychology must disregard all references to consciousness.”
♦1913►Writes Behaviorism Manifesto; Psychology should only study observable behavior.

Question 10

Wilhelm Wundt Pg4

Answer 10

FATHER OF PSYCHOLOGY
►1832-1920
►Mounted a campaign to make psychology and in depended field of study rather than a subsection o physiology or philosophy.
►1879 - Started the first psychological research laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879
►Psychology was born in Germany in 1879 and Wundt’s students moved to america and launched some 24 more laboratories in 1893.
►Psychology’s original focus was on the study of consciousness defined as: the awareness of immediate experience.
►Briefly taught G. Stanley Hall.
♦1875►Independently set up the world’s first psychology Demonstration laboratory ( along with William James) at the university of Leipzig, Germany.
♦1881►Establishes first scientific journal of Psychology