Chapter 2 Instructional Design Flashcards
According to the Tuckman model, the stage of team development where team output is low and team members tend to be very polite and avoid serious topics is which of the following? (Choose the best response.)
Forming
Storming
Norming
Performing
Forming
Response A is correct because the forming stage, the first stage in the Tuckman model, is characterized by team members who are uncertain why they are there and look to the team leader for guidance. Because they are new to the team, they tend to be very polite, avoid serious topics, and don’t accomplish much work.
A facilitator has been brought into a project team to observe some behaviors in meetings and to help the group develop and begin performing effectively. According to the Tuckman model, which phase is characterized by power struggles or conflicts and testing boundaries? (Choose the best response.)
Forming
Storming
Norming
Performing
Storming
Response B is correct because this is where the team has gone beyond politeness and conflict, and competition begins to surface.
What is a business driver? (Choose the best response.)
The process to design, develop, and evaluate a strategy
An effective tool to drive talent development results
Resource, process, or condition required to achieve organizational success
One of the ways TD professionals can learn to think strategically
Resource, process, or condition required to achieve organizational success
Response C is correct because a business driver is a resource, process or condition for organizational growth or to achieve an organizational strategy.
What is the value for TD professionals to understand business strategy and goals? (Choose the best response.)
Understanding strategy helps TD professionals to quickly produce instructional packages
To better link learning to support organizational strategy
Increases the value to help learners to discover what they need to learn.
Helps the TD department to become a trusted partner.
To better link learning to support organizational strategy
Response B is correct because understanding the business strategy links learning to support the organization and aligns the two to achieve the organization’s goals. Response D is correct, but as a result of being successful, not as a primary goal.
Helps the TD department to become a trusted partner.
What is the key action you can take as a designer of training and development programs to ensure that participants learn and are contributing to the intended organizational goals? (Choose the best response.)
Meet with the supervisor before the learning event
Meet with the supervisor after the event
Create a job aid that reminds participants what they need to do
All of the above
All of the above
Response D is correct because as a designer you have many options when you consider expanding the design to include what happens before the learning event and what happens after the learning event. You meet with the supervisor before to clarify what is needed the most. You meet with the supervisor after to follow up to answer questions or offer support. You also support participants with job aids, advice, and informing them about how to receive help after the learning event ends.
As a TD professional you have just been given the opportunity to fill in for your manager who is out for a 6-month maternity leave. The VP has suggested that you need to think more strategically so that you can help the organization achieve its goals. How will you begin to do that? (Choose the best response.)
Take an inventory of all the training the TD department offers and categorize it
Meet with department heads of the departments that you serve to learn about their problems
Take a class about strategic planning
Design a management development class for writing business goals
Meet with department heads of the departments that you serve to learn about their problems
Response B is correct because learning about your customers’ needs is a good way to begin to think about how the TD department can align with other departments and support them. Although response C has some merit, it won’t help you learn more about your organization’s needs.
A TD professional is tailoring instructional materials to the leadership training needs of an organization’s executives. This is an example of ______________. (Choose the option that completes the sentence accurately.)
The application of adult learning theory in designing learning experiences
Multiple intelligences
The learning brain model of instruction
How Gardner’s model can be applied to improving adult learning
The application of adult learning theory in designing learning experiences
Response A is correct because tailoring instructional materials to executive leadership training needs is an example of ensuring that the design of materials relates to the different ways that adults learn, which is one way to apply adult learning theory.
Which of the following best describes why Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is important in relation to adult learning? (Choose the best response.)
Adult learners learn differently from children, and five key principles affect how adults learn: self-concept, prior experience, readiness to learn, orientation to learning, and motivation.
To predict and control behavior, stimuli are linked to responses. The approach is based on the premise that learning occurs primarily through reinforcement of desired responses—meaning “rewards”.
In this didactic model, someone “telling” the information leads a formal learning session—usually in lecture format.
Five levels of needs indicate that a person can achieve a higher level of need only after lower levels are satisfied, which suggests that people are motivated by different factors—factors that may be unknown or difficult to discern.
Five levels of needs indicate that a person can achieve a higher level of need only after lower levels are satisfied, which suggests that people are motivated by different factors—factors that may be unknown or difficult to discern.
Response D is correct because Maslow’s hierarchy of needs categorizes five levels of needs—physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization—that people fulfill at different times, which means that people are motivated by different things.
In the field of Talent Development, what is Malcolm Knowles’s key contribution to adult learning? (Choose the best response.)
Andragogy
Pedagogy
The whole brain model
Accelerated learning
Andragogy
Response A is correct because Malcolm Knowles was one of the first researchers to propose that adults learn differently from children. To indicate the differences, Knowles popularized the terms andragogy and pedagogy.
Which of the following is NOT an adult learning characteristic based on the definition of andragogy? (Choose the best response.)
As people mature, they develop a psychological need to be self-directed.
As people mature, they accumulate experience and knowledge, which becomes a resource for learning.
As people mature, their readiness to learn is directly related to age and curriculum.
As people mature, their motivation to learn becomes increasingly internal.
As people mature, their readiness to learn is directly related to age and curriculum.
Response C is correct because age level and curriculum are not two of the five key principles of andragogy.
Theories of learning and memory are concerned with ______________. (Choose the option that completes the sentence accurately.)
How learners deal with and internalize information
How adults’ motivation becomes more internalized as they age and the effect on learning
How adults think with both sides of their brains but have a strong preference for one side or the other
How adults learn using 10 intelligences
How learners deal with and internalize information
Response A is correct because theories of learning and memory relate to how adults’ deal with and internalize information in order to change.
Cognitivism is an approach based on the principle that ______________. (Choose the option that completes the sentence accurately.)
Adults learn most effectively when learning is organized by cognitive, psychomotor, and affective outcomes starting from the simplest behavior and going to the most complex
Adults are concerned with discovering the relationship between stimuli and responses to predict and control behavior
Learning occurs primarily through exposure to logically presented information and concerns the organization of memory and thinking
Learning needs change as adults mature
Learning occurs primarily through exposure to logically presented information and concerns the organization of memory and thinking
Response C is correct because cognitivism concerns itself with the organization of memory and thinking based on a model of the mind as an information-processing system.
According to behaviorism, which of the following elements should be included in a learning design? (Choose the best response.)
Visuals
Lectures
Rewards
Music
Rewards
Response C is correct because behaviorism is based on the premise that learning occurs primarily through the reinforcement of desired responses.
Which of the following theories and models is associated with Howard Gardner? (Choose the best response.)
Multiple intelligences
Hierarchy of needs
Intellectual programming
Accelerated learning
Multiple intelligences
Response A is correct because Howard Gardner suggested that intelligence is multifaceted and that traditional intelligence measures are not capable of measuring all its facets.
An employee who finds it easier to learn new concepts through nature and is interested in subjects such as evolution and the environment have a ______________. (Choose the best response.)
Spatial or visual aptitude
Tactile aptitude
Logical or mathematical aptitude
Naturalistic aptitude
Naturalistic aptitude
Response D is correct because having an aptitude for being with nature is one of Harold Gardner’s multiple intelligences defined by an aptitude for being with nature.
What is andragogy? (Choose the best response.)
An approach to learning that focuses on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
An approach to pedagogy that focuses specifically on learning rather than teaching
A word that defines adult learning
An approach that provides a process for internalizing knowledge
A word that defines adult learning
Response C is correct because Malcolm Knowles’s research on andragogy identified five adult learning principles.
You are a TD professional designing new ways to begin several of the health and wellness courses you facilitate. You have decided to begin a CPR certification class with a true story of an employee who became ill at work and was kept alive by a co-worker administering CPR until paramedics arrived. Which adult learning principle have you selected? (Choose the best response.)
Readiness
Respect
Autonomy
Actions
Readiness
Response A is correct because readiness to learn is one of the key principles of Malcolm Knowles’s andragogy theory of adult learning. Adults participate in learning courses to achieve a particular goal and are most ready to learn when they can immediately relate and apply the new knowledge or skill to real-life situations.
As a new trainer, you have introduced a small group activity by reading the instructions from the facilitator guide and have allowed time for questions before moving participants into small groups. After getting into the small groups, participants spend more time asking questions about what they are supposed to do rather than actually doing the activity. What might you do differently next time to keep the group focused on the specifics of the activity? (Choose the best response.)
Establish ground rules at the beginning of the class on how group activities are to be conducted
Allow more time for the small group activity
Appoint a group leader for each group to report results for the class
Provide written activity instructions along with your verbal instructions
Provide written activity instructions along with your verbal instructions
Response D is correct because you are aware that all employees take in information differently, you will deliver information and directions in multiple ways.
You are developing a course to teach learners how to use a new human resource system. The current system has been used for 10 years, and all the staff have been in their roles for more than 10 years. Which of the following is NOT a challenge to developing effective training? (Choose the best response.)
Adult learners have previous knowledge and experience
Adult learners are objective-oriented
Adult learners don’t have extra time
Adult learners have different motivational levels
Adult learners are objective-oriented
Response B is correct because, according to Malcolm Knowles, adults primarily participate in learning programs to achieve particular personal or professional goals or objectives. In this scenario, goals or objectives will not be challenges to developing effective training.
Your company is getting ready to begin using a new system for tracking time and attendance. The new system affects everyone in the company. You have worked six weeks developing an instructor-led training that everyone will attend. You have customized activities and delivery methods for each department including sales, marketing, manufacturing, accounting, and others. You have taken extra time and been attentive to the nuances in each department and all the individuals across the company. What important elements of design guided your effort? (Choose the best response.)
Culture and modes of learning
Bloom’s taxonomy and cognitivism
Pedagogy and motivation
Business drivers and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Culture and modes of learning
Response A is correct because you need to account for organizational cultures which can also differ from department to department. You must also realize that studies show that learners have multiple intelligences with unique aptitudes.
Your organization has just downsized. You are performing the first instructor-led training since the reduction. Even though the downsizing was relatively small and most people took a buyout, you have taken extra care to create an environment that is conducive to learning. You will have coffee and food available for learners and have arranged the room in a semi-circle. You also included additional time at the beginning of the class to conduct a “What’s on your mind?” activity. The activity is designed to explore each learner’s current mindset, identify their immediate needs, and identify their expectations for the class. What concepts are you incorporating in your design? (Choose the best response.)
The learning brain model and sympathetic deliberations
Cognitivism and behaviorism
External and environmental influences and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Divergent thinking and active listening
External and environmental influences and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Response C is correct because external and environmental factors such as stress, company conditions, and uncertainty may influence a participant’s ability to learn. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs contends that a person can achieve the next level of the hierarchy only after lower level needs, such as physiological, safety, and belongingness needs have been satisfied.
What does ADDIE stand for? (Choose the best response.)
Assess, design, develop, implement, evaluate
Assess, discover, design, implement, evaluate
Analyze, design, develop, implement, evaluate
Analyze, discover, design, implement, evaluate
Analyze, design, develop, implement, evaluate
Response C is correct because ADDIE stands for analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation.
Which of the following best describes the key benefit of Gagné’s nine events of instruction? (Choose the best response.)
This theory is a collection of strategies used to quickly produce instructional packages depending on types of trade-offs between design and delivery.
This theory supports the notion of lesson plan design and an ideal teaching sequence that enhances retention because the training is based on the way that learners process information.
This theory outlines a learner-centered instructional style that guides the learners to discover what they need to learn.
This theory outlines six behavioral levels including knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation.
This theory supports the notion of lesson plan design and an ideal teaching sequence that enhances retention because the training is based on the way that learners process information.
Response B is correct because Gagné built the nine events of instruction based on the work of other theorists who studied the way humans process information and move that information from sensing to processing to storing it in short- or long-term memory.
Accelerated learning is a learning strategy that involves the right and left hemispheres, the cortex, and the limbic systems of the brain, thus making learning more natural. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a learning environment that is conducive to accelerated learning? (Choose the best response.)
Provides learning challenges for learners to overcome
Supports both learners and trainers
Presents material both visually and verbally
Provides for group-based learning
Provides learning challenges for learners to overcome
Response A is correct because an accelerated learning environment does not provide learning challenges for learners to overcome.
A decision has been made to develop a training class to improve sales by the sales force. What should the designer do first? (Choose the best response.)
Locate historical documentation
Perform a needs analysis
Confirm the budget and timeframe
Identify representatives with top sales
Perform a needs analysis
Response B is correct because the information that a training sponsor provides about the audience, course content, and completion date may not address the organization’s specific training requirements. When starting a training project, the instructional designer’s first task is to identify those requirements through a needs analysis.
Which of the following is a principle of human performance improvement? (Choose the best response.)
Lesson plans are an integral component of most instructional design projects with a sequential set of events that lead to a desired performance goal.
Training may not be the appropriate solution, and a needs analysis should be conducted to ensure that the performance gap can be remedied by training.
Selection of an appropriate instructional design method depends on types of trade-offs between design and delivery of instruction to achieve the performance goal.
Bloom’s taxonomy defines six behavioral levels and specifically defines the desired performance goal.
Training may not be the appropriate solution, and a needs analysis should be conducted to ensure that the performance gap can be remedied by training.
Response B is correct because a training class alone does not always result in measurable changes in workplace behavior. This happens because training addresses only one driver of performance: skills and knowledge. In instances where employees have the skills and knowledge to handle a task but still do not perform it effectively, another factor may affect performance. A needs analysis will enable the TD professional to determine if training is an appropriate solution.
