Chapter 2 - Influential educators of that their time? Part 2

Question 0

Let study be made a child’s diversion; let him be soothed and caressed into it, and let him sometimes test himself upon his proficiency. Sometimes enter a contest of wits with him, and let him imagine that he comes off the conqueror. Let him even be encouraged by giving him such rewards that are most appropriate to his age.

Answer 0

Quintilian

Question 1

In a set of twelve books, The Institutes of Oratory, he described current educational practices, recommended the type of educational system needed in Rome, and listed the great books that were in existence of that time.

Answer 1

Quintilian

Question 2

He realized the value of education, and as ruler of a large part of Europe he was in a position to establish schools and encourage scholarly activity.

Answer 2

Charlemagne

Question 3

He served as Charlemagne’s chief educational adviser, he became the most famous educator of his day.

Answer 3

Alcuin

Question 4

He theologian who formalized scholasticism, the logical and philosophical study of the beliefs of the church.

Answer 4

Thomas Aquinas

Question 5

He believe that people could be educated and also be Christians at the same time—a belief that the Roman Catholic Church generally did not share.

Answer 5

Vittorino Da Feltre

Question 6

He believed that education was an important end in itself and thereby helped to rekindle an interest in the value of human knowledge during the Renaissance.

Answer 6

Vittorino Da Feltre

Question 7

He helped to change the church’s views on learning. This change led to the creation of new learning institutions, among them the medieval universities.

Answer 7

Thomas Aquinas

Question 8

He formed a humanistic theory of education

Answer 8

Erasmus

Question 9

The duty of instructing the young includes several elements:

1. the tender mind of the child should be instructed in piety;
2. that he love and learn the liberal arts;
3. that he be taught tact in the conduct of social life;
4. that from his earliest age he accustom himself to good behavior, based on moral principles.

Answer 9

Erasmus

Question 10

He published his ninety-five theses, which stated his disagreements with the Roman Catholic Church.

Answer 10

Martin Luther

Question 11

He felt not only that the church had itself misinterpreted the Bible, but also that people were intended to read and interpret the Bible for themselves.

Answer 11

Martin Luther

Question 12

He is remembered for his many textbooks, including Orbis Pictus. His books are among the first to contain illustrations.

Answer 12

Comenius

Question 13

He organized the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1540.

Answer 13

Ignatius of Loyola

Question 14

He viewed a young child’s mind as a blank slate (tabula rasa) on which an education could be imprinted.

Answer 14

John Locke

Question 15

He believed that teachers needed to create a nonthreatening learning environment—a revolutionary idea at that time.

Answer 15

John Locke

Question 16

His work laid the foundations for rationalism

Answer 16

René Descartes

Question 17

His three axioms of rationalism included

(1) that reason was supreme,
(2) that the laws of nature were invariable, and
(3) that truth could be verified empirically—verified by exact methods of testing.

Answer 17

Rene Descartes

Question 18

He was a liberal thinker for his time and one of the few leaders who did not attempt to force the common people into a particular form of religion. He also permitted an unusual amount of free speech for his era and generally allowed the common people a degree of liberty that most rulers considered dangerous.

Answer 18

Frederick the Great

Question 19

This philosopher felt that the aim of education should be to return human beings to their “natural state.” His view on the subject is well summed up by the opening sentence of Émile: “Everything is good as it comes from the hand of the author of nature: but everything degenerates in the hands of man.” His educational views came to be known as naturalism. He believed that children were inherently good.

Answer 19

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 20

He believed that a teacher should treat students with love and kindness.
His method included
1. the expression of love, understanding, and patience for children;
2. compassion for the poor; and
3. the use of objects and sense perception as the basis for acquiring knowledge.

Answer 20

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi

Question 21

His teaching method developed into five formal steps:

1. Preparation: Preparing the student to receive a new idea
2. Presentation: Presenting the student with the new idea
3. Association: Assimilating the new idea with old ideas
4. Generalization: Generalizing the new idea derived from combination of old and new ideas
5. Application: Applying the new knowledge.

His organized teaching method stresses “learning by association” and consists of five steps: preparation, presentation, association, generalization, and application.

Answer 21

Johann Friedrich Herbart

Question 23

He established the first kindergarten (or Kleinkinderbeschaftigungsanstalt).

He emphasized

1. social development,
2. a concern for the cultivation of creativity, and
3. the concept of learning by doing.

He originated the idea that women are best suited to teach young children.

Answer 23

Friedrich Froebel