Chapter 2 Individual Differences Personality and Values Flashcards
Personality
The relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that characterize a person, along with the psychological processes behind those characteristics
5 factor model (big 5)
The five broad dimensions representing
most personality traits: conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, and extraversion
conscientious
Characterizes people who are organized, dependable, goal-focused, thorough, disciplined, methodical, and industrious
neurotic
A personality dimension describing people who tend to be anxious, insecure, self-con- scious, depressed, and temperamental.
openness to experience
Characterizes people who are imaginative, creative, unconventional, curious, noncon- forming, autonomous,
and aesthetically perceptive
agreeable
Describes people who are trusting, helpful, good-natured, consid- erate, tolerant, selfless, generous, and flexible
extravert
Describes people who are outgoing, talkative,
energetic, sociable, and assertive
The dark triad
A cluster of three socially undesirable (dark) personality traits: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy
Machiavellianism
A personality trait of people who demonstrate a strong motivation to achieve their own goals at the expense of others, who believe that deceit is a natural and acceptable way to achieve their goals, who take pleasure in outwitting and misleading others using crude influence tactics, and who have a cynical disregard for morality.
Narcissism
A personality trait of people with a grandiose, obsessive belief in their superiority and entitlement, a propensity to aggressively engage in attention-seeking behaviours, an intense envy of others, and tendency to exhibit arrogance, callousness, and exploitation of others for personal aggrandizement
Psychopathy
This personality trait is often considered the most sinister of the triad. It refers to social predators who ruthlessly dominate and manipulate others, yet without empathy or any feelings of remorse or anxiety
Organizational Politics
The use of influence tactics for personal gain at the perceived expense of others and the organization.
Counterproductive Work Behaviour
Voluntary behaviours that have the potential to directly or indirectly harm the organization
Values
Relatively stable evaluative beliefs that guide a person’s preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of situations.
Schwartz’s values circumplex
This model clusters 57 values into 10 broad values catego- ries that are organized into the circular model (circumplex) shown in Exhibit 2.4. The 10 categories include universal- ism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, security, power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, and self-direction
Quadrants in values circumplex
1) Openness to change
2) Conservation
3) Self-enhancement
4) Self transcendence
Values Congruence
refers to how similar a person’s values hierarchy is to the values hierarchy of the organization or any other entity
4 ethical principles
utilitarianism, individual rights, distributive justice, and the ethic of care
utilitarianism
This principle says the only moral obligation is to seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
Individual rights
This principle says that everyone
has the same set of natural rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom of movement, the right to physical security, and the right to fair trial
Distributive Justice
This principle says that the benefits and burdens of similar individuals should be the same; otherwise they should be proportional
ethic of care
This principle says the only moral obligation is to seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
Moral Intensity
The degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles
Moral Sensitivity
(also called ethical sensitivity) is a person’s ability to detect a moral dilemma and estimate its relative importance
Individualism
A cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize independence and personal uniqueness
Collectivism
A cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize duty to groups
to which they belong and to group harmony.
Power Distance
A cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture accept unequal distribution of power in a society
5 Cross cultural values
Individualism, Collectivism, Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Achievement Nurturing orientation
Uncertainty Avoidance
A cross-cultural value describ- ing the degree to which people in a culture tolerate ambiguity (low uncertainty avoidance) or feel threatened by ambiguity and uncertainty (high uncertainty avoidance).
Achievement Nurturing Orientation
A cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize competitive versus cooperative relations with other people.
