Chapter 2 Individual Differences Personality and Values

Question 1

Personality

Answer 1

The relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviours that characterize a person, along with the psychological processes behind those characteristics

Question 2

5 factor model (big 5)

Answer 2

The five broad dimensions representing
most personality traits: conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, and extraversion

Question 3

conscientious

Answer 3

Characterizes people who are organized, dependable, goal-focused, thorough, disciplined, methodical, and industrious

Question 4

neurotic

Answer 4

A personality dimension describing people who tend to be anxious, insecure, self-con- scious, depressed, and temperamental.

Question 5

openness to experience

Answer 5

Characterizes people who are imaginative, creative, unconventional, curious, noncon- forming, autonomous,
and aesthetically perceptive

Question 6

agreeable

Answer 6

Describes people who are trusting, helpful, good-natured, consid- erate, tolerant, selfless, generous, and flexible

Question 7

extravert

Answer 7

Describes people who are outgoing, talkative,
energetic, sociable, and assertive

Question 8

The dark triad

Answer 8

A cluster of three socially undesirable (dark) personality traits: Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy

Question 9

Machiavellianism

Answer 9

A personality trait of people who demonstrate a strong motivation to achieve their own goals at the expense of others, who believe that deceit is a natural and acceptable way to achieve their goals, who take pleasure in outwitting and misleading others using crude influence tactics, and who have a cynical disregard for morality.

Question 10

Narcissism

Answer 10

A personality trait of people with a grandiose, obsessive belief in their superiority and entitlement, a propensity to aggressively engage in attention-seeking behaviours, an intense envy of others, and tendency to exhibit arrogance, callousness, and exploitation of others for personal aggrandizement

Question 11

Psychopathy

Answer 11

This personality trait is often considered the most sinister of the triad. It refers to social predators who ruthlessly dominate and manipulate others, yet without empathy or any feelings of remorse or anxiety

Question 12

Organizational Politics

Answer 12

The use of influence tactics for personal gain at the perceived expense of others and the organization.

Question 13

Counterproductive Work Behaviour

Answer 13

Voluntary behaviours that have the potential to directly or indirectly harm the organization

Question 14

Values

Answer 14

Relatively stable evaluative beliefs that guide a person’s preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of situations.

Question 15

Schwartz’s values circumplex

Answer 15

This model clusters 57 values into 10 broad values catego- ries that are organized into the circular model (circumplex) shown in Exhibit 2.4. The 10 categories include universal- ism, benevolence, tradition, conformity, security, power, achievement, hedonism, stimulation, and self-direction

Question 16

Quadrants in values circumplex

Answer 16

1) Openness to change
2) Conservation
3) Self-enhancement
4) Self transcendence

Question 17

Values Congruence

Answer 17

refers to how similar a person’s values hierarchy is to the values hierarchy of the organization or any other entity

Question 18

4 ethical principles

Answer 18

utilitarianism, individual rights, distributive justice, and the ethic of care

Question 19

utilitarianism

Answer 19

This principle says the only moral obligation is to seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Question 20

Individual rights

Answer 20

This principle says that everyone
has the same set of natural rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom of movement, the right to physical security, and the right to fair trial

Question 21

Distributive Justice

Answer 21

This principle says that the benefits and burdens of similar individuals should be the same; otherwise they should be proportional

Question 22

ethic of care

Answer 22

This principle says the only moral obligation is to seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Question 23

Moral Intensity

Answer 23

The degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles

Question 24

Moral Sensitivity

Answer 24

(also called ethical sensitivity) is a person’s ability to detect a moral dilemma and estimate its relative importance

Question 25

Individualism

Answer 25

A cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize independence and personal uniqueness

Question 26

Collectivism

Answer 26

A cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize duty to groups
to which they belong and to group harmony.

Question 27

Power Distance

Answer 27

A cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture accept unequal distribution of power in a society

Question 28

5 Cross cultural values

Answer 28

Individualism, Collectivism, Power Distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Achievement Nurturing orientation

Question 29

Uncertainty Avoidance

Answer 29

A cross-cultural value describ- ing the degree to which people in a culture tolerate ambiguity (low uncertainty avoidance) or feel threatened by ambiguity and uncertainty (high uncertainty avoidance).

Question 30

Achievement Nurturing Orientation

Answer 30

A cross-cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize competitive versus cooperative relations with other people.