Chapter 2 - HMS and Corrective exercise/ Lengthening techniques Flashcards
Agonist
A muscle that acts as the prime mover for a given movement pattern
Antagonist
A muscles that acts in direct opposition of the agonist
Synergist
muscles in this role assist the agonist but are not supposed to be the primary source of force production
Stabilizer
muscles in this role help support associated joints while the prime movers and synergists contract to create movement
Reciprocal inhibition
When an agonist contracts, its functional antagonist relaxes to allow movement to occur at a joint
Eccentric muscle action
Occurs when a muscle generates force while lengthening to decelerate an external load
Concentric muscle action
occurs when a muscle generates force while shortening to accelerate an external load
Isometric muscle action
Occurs when a muscle generates force equal to an external load to hold it in place
Isolated muscle function
the joint motion created when a muscle contracts eccentrically or isometrically
Muscle innervation
A muscle’s point of connection to the nervous system
Motor behavior
The HMS’s response to internal and external environmental stimuli
Motor control
The study of posture and movements with the involved structures and mechanisms used by the CNS to assimilate & integrate sensory information with previous experiences
Motor learning
The utilization of these processes through practice & experience leading to a relatively permanent change in a person’s capacity to produce skilled movements
Motor development
The change in motor behavior over time throughout a person’s life span
Sensations
a process by which sensory information is received by the receptor & transferred either to the spinal cord for reflexive motor behavior, to higher cortical areas for processing or both.
Perceptions
the integration of sensory information w/ past experiences or memories
Afferent
Sensory neurons that carry signals from sensory stimuli toward the CNS
Efferent
Motor neurons that carry signals from the CNS toward muscles to create movement
Knowledge of results
used after the completion of a movement to inform individuals about the outcome of their performance
Knowledge of performance
provides information about the quality of the movement
Sarcomere
the functional unit of a muscle made up of overlapping actin & myosin filaments
Neural drive
the rate & volume of activation signals a muscle receives from the CNS
Overactive/shortened
occurs when elevated neural drive causes a muscle to be held in a chronic state of contraction
Underactive/lengthened
occurs when inhibited neural drive allows a muscle’s functional antagonist to pull it into a chronically elongated state
Muscle imbalance
Alteration of muscle length surrounding a joint
Cumulative Injury cycle
a cycle whereby an injury will induce inflammation, muscle spasm, adhesion, altered neuromuscular control, and muscle imbalances
Muscles that make up the LPHC joint support system
Transversus abdominis, Multifidus, Internal Oblique, Psoas, Diaphragm, Pelvic floor muscles
Local muscular system
Made up of muscles that attach directly to the spine
Type I muscle fibers
Most suitable for: endurance, balance, slow movement training w parameters of long duration, light resistance, low load, and slow velocity
Global muscular system
Predominantly responsible for movement & consists of more superficial tissues that originate from the pelvis to the rib cage, the lower extremities, or both
Type II muscle fibers
Most suitable for: strength, coordination, agility, and fast velocity training w a large variety of movement patterns and parameters of short duration across a spectrum of light to heavy resistance and loads
Major muscles of Global muscular system
Rectus abdominis External obliques Erector Spinae Hamstring complex Gluteus maximus Latissimus dorsi Adductors Quadriceps Gastrocnemius
Major soft tissue of the Deep longitudinal subsystem
Erector Spinae, Thoracolumbar Fascia, Sacrotuberous ligament, Biceps femoris, Tibialis anterior, Fibularis (peroneus) longus
5 kinetic check points
- Foot and ankle: Neutral arch of the foot (not flattened and toes not scrunched), feet parallel and pointing straight ahead, hip-to-shoulder width apart
- Knee: In line with the second and third toes of each foot and not flexed or hyperextended
- Lumbo-pelvic-hip complex (LPHC): Neutral sagittal hip position (no excessive posterior or anterior tilt) and hips level in the frontal plane
- Shoulders and thoracic spine: Not rounded forward and in line with the hips and ears from a lateral viewpoint
- Head and cervical spine: Neutral cervical spine (no excessive forward positioning of the neck), ears in line with the shoulders, and a level chin
