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History 115 > Chapter 2: Greeks > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Greeks Flashcards

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0
Q

{Why Summareans/Egyptians/Babylonian didn’t develop Science}

1] World View:

  • Other Civilization believe that people are powerless in their relationship w/God
  • Greeks believe that humans interacted w/Gods which is unique compared to others.

2]Communication:

  • Other civilizations didn’t have public communication networks.
  • Greeks had ______ where anyone can share ideas

3]Natural World:

  • Other civilization had no separation of divine with the naturals.
  • Greeks separated the divine from natural. This is attributed to ______
A
  • Agora

- Thales

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1
Q 
Major Component Needed for Science:
1] Spare Time
2] Standardized Measurement
3] Record Keeping
4] Mathemathics
A

.

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2
Q

{Mythology}
-In [800BC], Greek Mythology which is also known as ______
was written by ______.

A

-Theogony, Hesiod

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3
Q

{________}

  • Greek Poet
  • He Argued that workings of the world can be discovered by Humans.
  • In [600BC], he influenced the Pre-Socratics (Ionians) living in Miletus
A

{Hesiod}

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4
Q

{_______}
-By [600BC] all components needed for development of science were in place in this town.
-Greek System of Government developed here.
>Religious institutions separate from the government and military.
>Greek law system based on strict tangible evidence

A

{Miletus}

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5
Q 
{\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_}
-First Philosopher/Scientist
-First to Reject Divine Intervention
-First to implement \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
He measured the height of the Pyramids using its shadow.
-First Greek astronomer to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A 
{Thales of Miletus}
-
-
-First to implement Mathemathics
-First Greek astronomer to correctly predict a Solar Eclipse
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6
Q 
{\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_}
-Introduced the first world map
-Came up with the first \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
He thinks that Humans evolved from fish
-A student of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

-Came up with the first Evolutionary Theory
-A student of Thales

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7
Q

{_________}

  • Argued that everything is made out of numbers.
  • Argued that math is a __________
  • Argued that reality can be understood & studied by ________
A

-Argued that math is a universal language.
-Argued that reality can be understood & studied by mathematics.

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8
Q

{_________}
-He argued that sense are not reliable.
Therefore it cannot be used for observation
-“Change is only an illusion”

A

-Parmenides

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9
Q

{________}

  • Took Parmenides argument to it’s logical conclusion that there is no change & no motion. (Motion is only an illusion)
  • A student of Parmenides
A

-Zeno

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10
Q

{_________}

  • Took an experimental approach.
  • He Argued that there is no change happening since what is there has already been there before.
  • First Volcanologist
A

-Empedocles

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11
Q

{Democritus}

  • Introduced the ______ and it’s concept
  • “Nothing exist except ______ & empty spaces; everything else is opinion”
A
  • Atoms

- Atoms

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12
Q

{Plato}

  • He came up w/two realms of reality: ________ & __________
  • Developed the Allegory of the Cave.
  • According to him, Sphere is _________
A

-A perfect form without any impurties

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13
Q

{The Academy}

  • It was created by ______ and also known as “_________”
  • First Higher Education System
  • Located in _______
  • Opened in [_____]
A

-Located in Athens
-Opened in [388BC]

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14
Q

{Aristotle}

  • Student of ______
  • Proved that _______
  • Introduced ________
  • Introduced concept of resistance.
A
  • Student of Plato
  • Proved that Earth is a sphere using a Lunar Eclipse
  • Introduced Physics
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15
Q

{Lyceum}

  • A school founded by _____
  • Opened in [_____]
  • The second school of Athens
A
  • Aristotle

- Opened in [335BC]

16
Q

{Archimedes}

  • Studied at ______
  • Greatest mathematician & possibly scientist/inventor of all time.
  • He created _______ in [241BC] for the King
  • Designed/Invented the first __________.
A

-He created the ship of Syracusia in [241BC] for the King.
-Designed/Invented the first Mechanical Clock.

17
Q

{Antikythera}

  • A complex gearworks that works like an early “computer”
  • Used to _______
A

-Used to calculate and display position of stars.

18
Q

{Siege of Syracuse}

  • Took place in [____-____]
  • In [_____], the Romans sent General _______ to destroy Syracuse.
  • In [_____], the citizens of Syracuse were celebrating their victory over Romans. Then the Romans suddenly entered the city through the gates and pillaged the city.

**Romans found writings & inventions of Archimedes intact. The concluded that Archimedes was gifted w/greater genius that one would imagine it possible for a human being to posses.

A
  • [214-212BC]
  • [214BC]
  • [212BC]
19
Q 
{Alexander the Great}
-Born in \_\_\_\_\_\_
-In [\_\_\_\_\_], he invaded Persia.
>He attacked with 30,000 infantry & 500 Cavalry.
-By [\_\_\_\_\_], he captured Egypt
-First Greek Pharaoh
A
  • Born in Macedon
  • In [334BC], he invaded Persia
  • By [332BC], he captured Egypt and was made a Pharaoh and a living God.
20
Q

{City of Alexandria}

-The new capital of Egypt founded in [331BC]

A

.

21
Q 
{Alexander The Great}
-A student of \_\_\_\_\_\_
-Created \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
-He died at [\_\_\_\_\_] in Babylon. 
Then his empire was divided amongst his Generals.
A
  • A student of Aristotle
  • Created the Largest Empire of Antiquity
  • He died at [323BC] in Babylon
22
Q

{Phillip II}

  • Father of _________
  • Born in _______
  • Gained control over Greece and the last stronghold was the city of his son’s teacher.
A
  • Father of Alexander the Great

- Born in Macedon

23
Q

{Ptolemy I}

  • Proclaimed himself as King of Egypt in [____]
  • Also known as the “________”
  • First _________
A
  • Proclaimed himself as King of Egypt in [305BC]
  • Also known as the “Happy Pharaoh”
  • First Patron of Sciences
24
Q

{Mouseion & Library of Alexandria}

  • World’s First ______
  • Opened in [_____] by ______
  • The library of Alexandria had 1/2-1 Million books which are orginal text
A
  • World’s First Government Operated Research Institute

- Opened in [280BC] by Ptolemy I

25
Q

{Future Ptolemy}

  • Ptolemy I-III were all ______
  • In [______], Ptolemy III made a second library for international works and a back up library
  • The last Ptolemy was Cleopatra
A
  • Ptolemy I-III were all patron of Sciences.

- In [235BC], Ptolemy III made a second library for international works and a back up library

26
Q

{Second & Backup library of Alexandria}

  • Created by _____ in [______]
  • The second library was used for international works.
  • The backup library was used for copy of the text
A

-Created by Ptolemy III in [235BC]

27
Q

{Fate of The Library}
-In [272AD], _______ during the civil war happening.
-The second library survived until [______].
>The christians came and the burned the remaining text.
However some survived because they couldn’t burn everything.
-In [_____], Backup & Main library were taken by Arabs.

A
  • In [272AD], the Main Library in Alexandria was destroyed during the civil war happening.
  • The second library survived until [391AD]
  • In [642AD], backup & main library were taken by Arabs.
28
Q

{Erastothenes}
-Director of ______
-He measured the circumference of the Earth.
>He used the stick known as “_____”
-He calculated the _______ [11/83, 53 Degrees]
-He introduced _____ (Numerical Dating for historical events)
-He created the ________

A

-Director of the Great Library of Alexandria
>He used the stick known as “Gnomous”
-He calculated the Tilt of the Earth’s Axis
-He introduced Chronology
-He Created the first precise starr catalogue (w/675 Stars identified)

29
Q

{Heron of Alexandria}
-He was present in Eclipse in Alexandria [March 13, ____].
This disproved the theory that he lived in [_____]
-Invented ________ (Instruction for building steam/wind/water powered machines based on Ctesibius & Archimedes ideas)

A

-He was present in Eclipse in Alexandria [March 13, 62AD].
This disproved the theory that he lived in [150BC]
-Invented Pneumatica

30
Q 
{Birth of Anatomy}
-Occured in [\_\_\_\_\_]
-Study of Anatomy in antiquity took place in Alexandria & it lasted for less than 50 years.
-This was made possible by the support of Ptolomies:
1] Removed Taboos
2] Provides Funds
3] Provide Facilities
4] Provide Subjects
A

-Occured in [400BC]

31
Q

{Herophilus}

  • First to experiment with ______
  • One of the first to measure _______ by clock.
  • First to suggest that ____ can be used as a diagnostic aid.
  • Introduced the term Anatomy and Neuroanatomy.
  • Discovered the _______ system.
A
  • First to experiment with human brain
  • One of the first to measure pulse rate by clock
  • First to suggest that pulse rate can be used as a diagnostic aid.
  • Discovered the nervous system.
32
Q

{Erasistratus}

  • Discovered that _____ is a pump
  • Most detailed notes about _____ in antiquity
  • Argued that _______
A
  • Discovered that Heart is a pump
  • Most detailed notes about the Heart in antiquity
  • Argued that the larger the brain, the higher the knowledge
33
Q

{Why Anatomy Didn’t Last}
1] Dissection & specially vivisection is regarded as terribly unethical/untraditional behaviour
2]No need for further research as Herophilus & Erasistratus text were available.
3] No use for such Knowledge.
>The Greeks and Romans notion of health is based on balancing 4 Humours (fluids). This is taken from ______

A

Hippocrates

34
Q

{Dates}

  • [800BC]
  • [600BC]
  • [388BC]
  • [335BC]
  • [334BC]
  • [332BC]
  • [331BC]
  • [323BC]
  • [305BC]
  • [280BC]
  • [241BC]
  • [235BC]
  • [214-212BC]
  • [214BC]
  • [212BC]
  • [March 13, 62AD]
  • [272AD]
  • [391AD]
  • [642AD]
A

-[800BC]: Hesiod created Greek Mythology (“Theogony”)
-[600BC]: All components needed fot development of science were in place in Miletus
-[388BC]: First Higher Education System was created by Plato
-[335BC]: Lyceum (The Second School of Athens) was created by Aristotle
-[334BC]: Alexander the Great invaded Persia
-[332BC]: Alexander the Great captured Egypt
-[331BC]: The city of Alexandria was created by Alexander the Great.
-[323BC]: Alexander the Great died in Babylon
-[305BC]: Ptolemy I declared himself as the new King of Egypt
-[280BC]: Mouseion & The Library of Alexandria was created
-[241BC]: Ship of Syracusia was made my Archimedes
-[235BC]: Ptolemy III created the second and backup library of Alexandria
-[214-212BC]: Siege of Syracuse
-[214BC]: General Marcus Claudius Marcellus was sent to destroy the city of Syracuse
-[212BC]: Romans captured the city of Syracuse
Archimedes was killed
-[March 13, 62AD]: Eclipse in Alexandria which proved that Heron didn’t live in [150BC]
-[272AD]: The main library of Alexandria was destroyed during a fire happening in civil war.
-[391AD]: The second library was destroyed by Christians.
-[642AD]: The backup library and the remains of the main library were taken by Arabs.

History 115 (10 decks)

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