Chapter 2: Greeks

Question 0

{Why Summareans/Egyptians/Babylonian didn’t develop Science}

1] World View:

• Other Civilization believe that people are powerless in their relationship w/God
• Greeks believe that humans interacted w/Gods which is unique compared to others.

2]Communication:

• Other civilizations didn’t have public communication networks.
• Greeks had ______ where anyone can share ideas

3]Natural World:

• Other civilization had no separation of divine with the naturals.
• Greeks separated the divine from natural. This is attributed to ______

Answer 0

• Agora

- Thales

Question 1

Major Component Needed for Science:
1] Spare Time
2] Standardized Measurement
3] Record Keeping
4] Mathemathics

Answer 1

.

Question 2

{Mythology}
-In [800BC], Greek Mythology which is also known as ______
was written by ______.

Answer 2

-Theogony, Hesiod

Question 3

{________}

• Greek Poet
• He Argued that workings of the world can be discovered by Humans.
• In [600BC], he influenced the Pre-Socratics (Ionians) living in Miletus

Answer 3

{Hesiod}

Question 4

{_______}
-By [600BC] all components needed for development of science were in place in this town.
-Greek System of Government developed here.
>Religious institutions separate from the government and military.
>Greek law system based on strict tangible evidence

Answer 4

{Miletus}

Question 5

{\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_}
-First Philosopher/Scientist
-First to Reject Divine Intervention
-First to implement \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 
He measured the height of the Pyramids using its shadow.
-First Greek astronomer to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 5

{Thales of Miletus}
-
-
-First to implement Mathemathics
-First Greek astronomer to correctly predict a Solar Eclipse

Question 6

{\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_}
-Introduced the first world map
-Came up with the first \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
He thinks that Humans evolved from fish
-A student of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 6

-Came up with the first Evolutionary Theory
-A student of Thales

Question 7

{_________}

• Argued that everything is made out of numbers.
• Argued that math is a __________
• Argued that reality can be understood & studied by ________

Answer 7

-Argued that math is a universal language.
-Argued that reality can be understood & studied by mathematics.

Question 8

{_________}
-He argued that sense are not reliable.
Therefore it cannot be used for observation
-“Change is only an illusion”

Answer 8

-Parmenides

Question 9

{________}

• Took Parmenides argument to it’s logical conclusion that there is no change & no motion. (Motion is only an illusion)
• A student of Parmenides

Answer 9

-Zeno

Question 10

{_________}

• Took an experimental approach.
• He Argued that there is no change happening since what is there has already been there before.
• First Volcanologist

Answer 10

-Empedocles

Question 11

{Democritus}

• Introduced the ______ and it’s concept
• “Nothing exist except ______ & empty spaces; everything else is opinion”

Answer 11

• Atoms

- Atoms

Question 12

{Plato}

• He came up w/two realms of reality: ________ & __________
• Developed the Allegory of the Cave.
• According to him, Sphere is _________

Answer 12

-A perfect form without any impurties

Question 13

{The Academy}

• It was created by ______ and also known as “_________”
• First Higher Education System
• Located in _______
• Opened in [_____]

Answer 13

-Located in Athens
-Opened in [388BC]

Question 14

{Aristotle}

• Student of ______
• Proved that _______
• Introduced ________
• Introduced concept of resistance.

Answer 14

• Student of Plato
• Proved that Earth is a sphere using a Lunar Eclipse
• Introduced Physics

Question 15

{Lyceum}

• A school founded by _____
• Opened in [_____]
• The second school of Athens

Answer 15

• Aristotle

- Opened in [335BC]

Question 16

{Archimedes}

• Studied at ______
• Greatest mathematician & possibly scientist/inventor of all time.
• He created _______ in [241BC] for the King
• Designed/Invented the first __________.

Answer 16

-He created the ship of Syracusia in [241BC] for the King.
-Designed/Invented the first Mechanical Clock.

Question 17

{Antikythera}

• A complex gearworks that works like an early “computer”
• Used to _______

Answer 17

-Used to calculate and display position of stars.

Question 18

{Siege of Syracuse}

• Took place in [____-____]
• In [_____], the Romans sent General _______ to destroy Syracuse.
• In [_____], the citizens of Syracuse were celebrating their victory over Romans. Then the Romans suddenly entered the city through the gates and pillaged the city.

**Romans found writings & inventions of Archimedes intact. The concluded that Archimedes was gifted w/greater genius that one would imagine it possible for a human being to posses.

Answer 18

• [214-212BC]
• [214BC]
• [212BC]

Question 19

{Alexander the Great}
-Born in \_\_\_\_\_\_
-In [\_\_\_\_\_], he invaded Persia.
>He attacked with 30,000 infantry & 500 Cavalry.
-By [\_\_\_\_\_], he captured Egypt
-First Greek Pharaoh

Answer 19

• Born in Macedon
• In [334BC], he invaded Persia
• By [332BC], he captured Egypt and was made a Pharaoh and a living God.

Question 20

{City of Alexandria}

-The new capital of Egypt founded in [331BC]

Answer 20

.

Question 21

{Alexander The Great}
-A student of \_\_\_\_\_\_
-Created \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
-He died at [\_\_\_\_\_] in Babylon. 
Then his empire was divided amongst his Generals.

Answer 21

• A student of Aristotle
• Created the Largest Empire of Antiquity
• He died at [323BC] in Babylon

Question 22

{Phillip II}

• Father of _________
• Born in _______
• Gained control over Greece and the last stronghold was the city of his son’s teacher.

Answer 22

• Father of Alexander the Great

- Born in Macedon

Question 23

{Ptolemy I}

• Proclaimed himself as King of Egypt in [____]
• Also known as the “________”
• First _________

Answer 23

• Proclaimed himself as King of Egypt in [305BC]
• Also known as the “Happy Pharaoh”
• First Patron of Sciences

Question 24

{Mouseion & Library of Alexandria} - World's First ______ - Opened in [_____] by ______ - The library of Alexandria had 1/2-1 Million books which are orginal text

Answer 24

- World's First Government Operated Research Institute | - Opened in [280BC] by Ptolemy I

Question 25

{Future Ptolemy} - Ptolemy I-III were all ______ - In [______], Ptolemy III made a second library for international works and a back up library - The last Ptolemy was Cleopatra

Answer 25

- Ptolemy I-III were all patron of Sciences. | - In [235BC], Ptolemy III made a second library for international works and a back up library

Question 26

{Second & Backup library of Alexandria} - Created by _____ in [______] - The second library was used for international works. - The backup library was used for copy of the text

Answer 26

-Created by Ptolemy III in [235BC]

Question 27

{Fate of The Library} -In [272AD], _______ during the civil war happening. -The second library survived until [______]. >The christians came and the burned the remaining text. However some survived because they couldn't burn everything. -In [_____], Backup & Main library were taken by Arabs.

Answer 27

- In [272AD], the Main Library in Alexandria was destroyed during the civil war happening. - The second library survived until [391AD] - In [642AD], backup & main library were taken by Arabs.

Question 28

{Erastothenes} -Director of ______ -He measured the circumference of the Earth. >He used the stick known as "_____" -He calculated the _______ [11/83, 53 Degrees] -He introduced _____ (Numerical Dating for historical events) -He created the ________

Answer 28

-Director of the Great Library of Alexandria >He used the stick known as "Gnomous" -He calculated the Tilt of the Earth's Axis -He introduced Chronology -He Created the first precise starr catalogue (w/675 Stars identified)

Question 29

{Heron of Alexandria} -He was present in Eclipse in Alexandria [March 13, ____]. This disproved the theory that he lived in [_____] -Invented ________ (Instruction for building steam/wind/water powered machines based on Ctesibius & Archimedes ideas)

Answer 29

-He was present in Eclipse in Alexandria [March 13, 62AD]. This disproved the theory that he lived in [150BC] -Invented Pneumatica

Question 30

``` {Birth of Anatomy} -Occured in [_____] -Study of Anatomy in antiquity took place in Alexandria & it lasted for less than 50 years. -This was made possible by the support of Ptolomies: 1] Removed Taboos 2] Provides Funds 3] Provide Facilities 4] Provide Subjects ```

Answer 30

-Occured in [400BC]

Question 31

{Herophilus} - First to experiment with ______ - One of the first to measure _______ by clock. - First to suggest that ____ can be used as a diagnostic aid. - Introduced the term Anatomy and Neuroanatomy. - Discovered the _______ system.

Answer 31

- First to experiment with human brain - One of the first to measure pulse rate by clock - First to suggest that pulse rate can be used as a diagnostic aid. - Discovered the nervous system.

Question 32

{Erasistratus} - Discovered that _____ is a pump - Most detailed notes about _____ in antiquity - Argued that _______

Answer 32

- Discovered that Heart is a pump - Most detailed notes about the Heart in antiquity - Argued that the larger the brain, the higher the knowledge

Question 33

{Why Anatomy Didn't Last} 1] Dissection & specially vivisection is regarded as terribly unethical/untraditional behaviour 2]No need for further research as Herophilus & Erasistratus text were available. 3] No use for such Knowledge. >The Greeks and Romans notion of health is based on balancing 4 Humours (fluids). This is taken from ______

Answer 33

Hippocrates

Question 34

{Dates} - [800BC] - [600BC] - [388BC] - [335BC] - [334BC] - [332BC] - [331BC] - [323BC] - [305BC] - [280BC] - [241BC] - [235BC] - [214-212BC] - [214BC] - [212BC] - [March 13, 62AD] - [272AD] - [391AD] - [642AD]

Answer 34

-[800BC]: Hesiod created Greek Mythology ("Theogony") -[600BC]: All components needed fot development of science were in place in Miletus -[388BC]: First Higher Education System was created by Plato -[335BC]: Lyceum (The Second School of Athens) was created by Aristotle -[334BC]: Alexander the Great invaded Persia -[332BC]: Alexander the Great captured Egypt -[331BC]: The city of Alexandria was created by Alexander the Great. -[323BC]: Alexander the Great died in Babylon -[305BC]: Ptolemy I declared himself as the new King of Egypt -[280BC]: Mouseion & The Library of Alexandria was created -[241BC]: Ship of Syracusia was made my Archimedes -[235BC]: Ptolemy III created the second and backup library of Alexandria -[214-212BC]: Siege of Syracuse -[214BC]: General Marcus Claudius Marcellus was sent to destroy the city of Syracuse -[212BC]: Romans captured the city of Syracuse Archimedes was killed -[March 13, 62AD]: Eclipse in Alexandria which proved that Heron didn't live in [150BC] -[272AD]: The main library of Alexandria was destroyed during a fire happening in civil war. -[391AD]: The second library was destroyed by Christians. -[642AD]: The backup library and the remains of the main library were taken by Arabs.