Chapter 2 - Exercise Physiology Flashcards
What is the basic unit of life?
The Cell. It produces energy in the body as ATP.
Define exercise physiology:
The study of the cellular functions in the human body before, during and after exercise.
Name the three energy systems:
a) ATP–Creatine–Phosphate system
b) Glycolysis
c) Aerobic Oxidation
Which energy systems are anaerobic? aerobic?
The ATP–CP–System and Glycolysis are considered anaerobic. The Aerobic Oxidation system is aerobic.
(T/F) The term anaerobic means oxygen is not required to function.
True.
Oxygen is not required to function.
Give three examples of activities that primarily requires use of the ATP–CP system:
Weight lifting, sprinting, tennis.
What is Glycolysis? How long does it last?
Glycolysis is the breakdown of carbohydrates to pyruvate or lactate to produce ATP. It lasts from ten seconds to three minutes.
What is lactate threshold?
The accumulation or rise in lactate.
What is glucose? Where is it stored? What is it stored as?
Blood sugar and is the main source of anaerobic ATP production. Glucose is stored in the muscles and liver. Glucose is stored as glycogen.
What is Aerobic Oxidation?
The aerobic pathway to produce ATP.
What part of the musculoskeletal system allows the human body to move?
Skeletal muscle.
What are three types of connective tissue that encompass muscle?
Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium.
What is a myofibril? What are the two myofilaments that compose a myofibril?
The smallest unit of a muscle cell. Actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments.
What are the two types of muscle fiber? Explain the difference between the two:
Type I and Type 2. Speed of contraction and force output.
What muscle fiber type is predominantly involved in activities such as sprinting, power lifting and the high jump?
Type2b.
Define the All or None principle:
When a myofiber is innervated by a nerve cell, the myofibrils contract totally or not at all.
What are the three types of contraction? List them in the order of strength from strongest to weakest.
Eccentric, Isometric, Concentric
Define concentric strength:
The amount of musculoskeletal force to overcome a resistance by a shortening of the muscle fibers.
Define eccentric strength:
The amount of musculoskeletal force displayed when a muscle is lengthened under tension.
What is the function of blood?
Blood delivers oxygen and nutrients to the cells if the body. Blood also retrieves waste products from the cells and carries them to be expelled or metabolized.
Define periodicity (periodization):
Periodicity is the gradual cycling of specificity, intensity or volume of training to achieve a specific goal.
What is the overload principle?
The amount to challenge the musculoskeletal system with unaccustomed stimulation such as, but not limited to, increased weight, speed, or volume of training (number of sets or reps).
What are the five major factors that effect training?
Level of fitness, intensity, duration, frequency, genetics.
Explain the difference between using free weights and selectorized equipment:
Free weights can be used in several exercises, but not all; selectorized uses only select muscle groups.
Free weights are functional, real life easy to transport; selectorized doesn’t require a spotter, safer and easier to change resistance.
Free weights require more technique; machines do not fit everyone and can limit ROM.
Free weights usually require more stabilization than machines.
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate.
ATP is the currency or “pocket change” your body will use to pay for “work.”
What would afferent information be?
Afferent information is nerve impulses from receptors or sense organs toward the central nervous system.
What is a motor unit?
A single motor neuron and all of the corresponding muscle fibers it innervates.
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal, cardiac and visceral.
What are the prime movers or agonists in a bicep curl?
Biceps Brachii, brachioradialis and brachialis.
What would be the training heart rate of 70% be for a 32 year-old female with a resting heart rate of 72?
220 - Age x % = THR = 131.6 or
220 - Age - RHR x % + RHR = THR = 153.2 or
220 - Age x % x 1.15 = THR = 151.34 (beats per minute)
Give a few examples of signs if overtraining.
Elevated resting heart rate, difficulty sleeping, fatigue, excessive weight loss, excessive soreness.
What time of the day are the highest levels of blood secretion levels of growth hormone released.
At night.
Describe the ATP/CP System.
It is the body’s immediate energy system that lasts 1-10 seconds. ATP must be continuously replenished. When ADP combines with Creatine Phosphate (CP), ATP stores are replenished immediately. Because the body’s cells can store about 4–6x more CP than ATP.
What is Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)?
An ester of adenosine that is converted to ATP for energy storage
(T/F) Lactate can be used as a source of energy.
True.
It can be converted back into glycogen by the liver to make new glucose by a process called Gluconeogenesis.
What causes muscle fatigue?
It is the accumulation of hydrogen ions (H+), rather than the lactate molecule, that causes muscle acidosis and the ensuing quick fatigue or “burn,” and which can cause tetanus.
Muscles that cause flexion at a joint are called?
Flexors.
Muscles that cause extension at a join are called?
Extensors.
Muscles that cause rotation at a joint are called?
Rotators.
What is Co-Contraction, or isometric contraction?
When the agonist and the antagonist contract simultaneously. This provides joint stability.
What muscles have a tendency to be overactive/tight? They are constantly “on.”
Tonic muscles. Their main function is joint stability. They are constantly “on.” It’s important to keep them in mind when designing a training program.
[Triceps surae, rectus femoris, psoas, quadratus lumborum, upper trapezius, suboccipital, adductors, tensor fascia latae, erector spinae, pectoralis major, sternocleidomastoid, deep abdominals.]
What muscles have a tendency to be inhibited? They are either “on” or “off.”
Phasic muscles. They are characterized by a high proportion of fast-twitch fibers and the crossing of more than one joint. Their main function is mobility.
[Tibialis anterior, gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, logus capitis & colli, digastrics, triceps brachii, rectus abdominis, lower/middle trapezius, deltoids, biceps brachii, vastus medialis, hamstrings]
What are spurt muscles?
Muscles that have their distal tenden close to the joint axis, as in biceps brachii. They have a major rotary component.
What are shunt muscles?
Muscles that have their distal tendon far from the joint axis. They usually act as joint stabilizers.
