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philosophy > Chapter 2 exam > Flashcards

Chapter 2 exam Flashcards

1
Q

Hinduism

A

Hinduism is about resonating with the universe (OM) or in sync with the universe

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2
Q

The veda texts are in the indo-european language of ___

A

Sanskrit

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3
Q

What are vedas?

A

The vedas tell us what the gods are like or what they do
Primarily, hymns, poems , chants praising the gods, recited by the priests while performing the sacrifices

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4
Q

The oldest veda is __

A

Samhitas

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5
Q

In order for the gods to preserve cosmic order or (RTA), what should be done ?

A

sacrifices

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6
Q

The name of vedic hinduism’s scriptures

A

Vedas

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7
Q

Soma

A

god of the plant used in sacrifices

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8
Q

Agni

A

God of the sacrificial fire

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9
Q

Rudra/shiva

A

Important god in the veda texts. He merges with the fertility god from earlier (aka shiva) it means suspicious or lucky) his nickname is shiva because he becomes shiva later on. Shiva becomes his name. it is kind of like simon and peter in the bible. they end up changing names.

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10
Q

Mitras

A

a sun god. the sun god watches over us and establishes justice.

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11
Q

Yama

A

determines where you go after death… either to the sky or below

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12
Q

The priests who perform the sacrifice are called ___

A

Brahmins

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13
Q

A group of hindu philosophers are called ___

A

Sannyasins … they began to question the vedic sacrifice and the vedic gods.

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14
Q

Mahabharata

A

any word that has MAHA means big.

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15
Q

Bhagavad gita

A

if you don’t do your duty, you will come back worse in the afterlife. Or a lower caste. A dialogue between the warrior Arjuna and Krishna (an avatar of Vishnu) about duty.

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16
Q

brahaman

A

There is no division amont the things in this universe. Everything is ONE. For example, I am a tree and a desk.

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17
Q

Nondualistic

A

There is no distincition between Brahman and Atman.

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18
Q

Mantras

A

The hymns of the Samhitas or chants, which are recited by the priests during sacrifices

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19
Q

Indra

A

warrior god

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20
Q

Varuna

A

Sky god. He is the guardian of cosmic order and social harmony

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21
Q

Outcasts

A

These people are not in the caste system. you are basically stuck here.

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22
Q

Untouchables

A

This is the lowest part of the caste system . AKA outcasts

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23
Q

Samsara

A

The atman returns to the life after life in a never-ending cycle

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24
Q

Atman

A

Hindu philosopher discovered that within each person there is an immortal self seperate from the body and is somehow related to the universe (brahman)

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25
Q

four stages of life

A

Student: study of the vedas
Householder/husband: pleasure, success, family, and society (get a wife)
Forest-dweller: read, think, ponder (go off into the forest and study. you think about what it means to be atman)
Renunciate: leave it all behind, seek liberation from life

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26
Q

Moksha

A

Liberation or escape from the cycle of reincarnation

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27
Q

The three paths of the cycle of reincarnation

A

The path of action
The path of knowledge
The path of devotion

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28
Q

Sati

A

women throwing themselves in their husband’s funeral fire in order to come back to a man in the afterlife.
Why? because women can’t be in the caste system

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29
Q

Trimurti

A

The three most important modern Hindu gods. Trimurit means “three forms.” Brahman in three forms
- Brahma the creator
- Vishnu the sustainer (he can take us off the cycle of reincarnation)
-Shiva the destroyer (a god of contradictions, shiva is destructive and creative)

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30
Q

Avatars

A

Brahma the creator appears on Earth in avatars

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31
Q

Lingam

A

The lingam is associated with shiva

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32
Q

yoni

A

The yoni is associated with Shakti

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33
Q

Devi

A
  • she is the form of all hindu goddesses.
  • her name is just the f e m i n i n e form of the word for god.
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34
Q

Shakti

A
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35
Q

Kali

A
  • she will end the universe
  • shiva’s consort
  • takes on many aspects of the Mother Godess
  • She is violent, wild, and independent
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36
Q

Ganesha

A

God of good fortune. He is good with children (hence the elephant headed god)

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37
Q

The sects: Shaktas

A

Worshipers of Devi, in any of her forms

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38
Q

Vaishnavas

A

Worshipers of vishnu, usually in one of his avatars like Krishna

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39
Q

The sects: Smartas

A

They refuse to pick among the many gods and believe all gods are one

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40
Q

The sects: Shaivas

A

Worshipers of shivas

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41
Q

Jnana yoga

A

study the relationship between yourself (Atman) and the universe (Brahman) so that you no longer

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42
Q

Bhakti yoga:

A

choose a god to lovingly worship in hopes that by creating a personal relationship with the god that she or he will help you escape the cycle of reincarnation

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43
Q

Karma yoga

A
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44
Q

puja

A

making offerings of flowers, food, water or money to a god resing in an image or idol

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45
Q

divali

A

the festival of light. Celebrated in october-november. Originally a harvest/new year’s festival

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46
Q

holi

A

a ritual of reveral and color. Celebrated in february- march. Originally a spring harvest festival. Involves a lot of drinking.

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47
Q

tantra

A

the definition means woven together because it brings people together.

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48
Q

Hinduism Ethics

A

The problem: the cycle of rebirth (samsara) returns al living things to a life of pain and misery
The solution: escape from the cycle of rebirth (moksha)
How to achieve the solution: follow one of the three paths

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49
Q

Dharma

A

Hindus call their religion dharma. What a person is supposed to do, their duty.

50
Q

Mohandas Gandhi

A

he was a leader in the movement for independence for India. He was calling for non-violence resistance against the British. He wanted to abandon the caste system.

51
Q

Four basic castes/ classes

A

Priests, warrior, merchants, laborers

52
Q

Buddhism

A
53
Q

Buddha

A

The title of Buddhism is Buddha. It means enlightened one.

54
Q

Dharma

A

Buddhists use the term Dharma to refer to their religion. Dharma means “the teachings of the Buddha” where there is a path laid out by buddha

55
Q

Siddhartha Gautama

A

He was born into Hinduism into the warrior caste. However, he left his home one day and witnessed the four passing sights.

56
Q

Four passing sights

A
  1. A man of old age
  2. a man afflicted with disease
  3. a corpse
  4. An ascetic
57
Q

sangha

A

The first Buddhist community

58
Q

Pali Canon

A

At the first buddhist council, buddhas followers collected his teachings into the Pali Canon or triptaka (three baskets)

59
Q

Three Jewels

A

(leaving your life behind and living for buddha)
1. I take refuge in the Buddha (the person of the budhda)
2. I take refuge in the dharma (the teaching of the buddha)
3. I take refuge in the sangha (the community of buddhists)

60
Q

Four Noble truths

A

Suffering, arising, cessation, path

  1. suffering exists … all living things are subject to suffering
  2. suffering has a cause ; craving or desire for things
  3. suffering can be eliminated by end of desire
  4. the way of eradication of suffering is the Nobel Eightfold Path
61
Q

Dukkha

A

literally means a broken Axle.
- The wheel has come off / Something has gone wrong
- Often translated as ‘suffering’
- We suffer when we cling to changing things as if they are unchanging and to the self as it is independent
- Let go of attachments

62
Q

Tanha

A

Literally means ‘desire.’ a desire for impermanent things. The CAUSE of suffering.

63
Q

Nirvana

A

the elimination of desire and achievement of enlightenment

64
Q

Middle way

A

the general term for the path in life that avoids the sort of sef-indulgence taht the Buddha enjoyed before his Four passing sights on one side and the asceticism he attempted with teh monks he first joined on

65
Q

Noble Eightfold Path

A

The steps to take to eliminate desire and achieve enlightenment

66
Q

Three marks of existence

A
  1. suffering
  2. impermanence
  3. lack of self
67
Q

Skandhas

A

There are five skandhas that make up a person.
: Matter, feelings, peripeties, conditioning factors, consciousness

68
Q

Theraveda buddhism

A

Monostaic Buddhism which means it is the form dominated by monks. U do it by yourself….as a monk.. As a single one.. Until you reach nirvana and then you wait to die

69
Q

Arhats

A

The central figure is the monk whose goal is to become an arhat and attain nirvana through the cessation of desire

70
Q

Mahayana

A

Popular buddhism
Here you are being helped by other people. The gods can even help you here. As buddha willingly postponed his entrance into nirvana in order to help others attain it.

71
Q

Bodhisattvas

A

Those who achieve enlightenment. they TEACH others how to achieve that goal.

72
Q

Zen (buddhism)

A

c o n t e m p l a t i v e Buddhism.

73
Q

Bodhidharma

A

His name means wisdom duty. ( the first part of his name means wisdom) (dharma means duty or way of life

74
Q

Koan

A

A riddle without an answer. it is used to open a pathway to sudden enlightenment, to realize one’s buddha nature.

75
Q

Zazen

A

a cross-legged position or lotus- position. this is done in order to realize one’s buddha’s nature.

76
Q

Pure Land Sect

A

DEVOTIONAL buddhism

77
Q

Amitabha

A

the buddha of infinite light, out of his compassion. He has so much karmic merit that he can bring into existence

78
Q

Western Paradise

A

a stepping stone to get off the reincarnation cycle). This is not the end goal. You still want to get off the reincarnation cycle

79
Q

Vajrayana (buddhism)

A

PRACTICAL buddhism.

80
Q

Lamas

A

Vajrayana Buddhism is taught by spiritual leaders called Lamas.

81
Q

Five Precepts

A

those who do not commit to the monastic life and the noble eithfold path my commit to the five precepts (what the buddhist community is expected to strive for

82
Q

Mandalas

A

visual depictions of the universe . a square that encompasses a circle.

83
Q

Janeism

A

They are ascetics (deny the body what it wants).
The goal of jainism is to sepeartae jiva from ajiva in order to achieve limitless knowledge, endless perception, infiinit power, and eternal bliss

84
Q

Jina

A

means conqueror

85
Q

Mahavira

A

The ending teacher. Mahavira achieved moksha and then taught others how to achieve it through ascetism

86
Q

Nataputta Vardhamana

A

the real name of Janeism?

87
Q

Jiva

A

A person consists of JIVA and AJIVA (non living stuff, your body)
Jiva is the life principle. Consciousness. All people, animals, and planets have jiva

88
Q

Ajiva

A

A person consists of JIVA and AJIVA (non living stuff, your body)
Ajiva is the lifeless principle. Shape and form, or matter

89
Q

Asceticism

A

denying the body what it wants

90
Q

Ahimsa

A

non-injury of any living thing

91
Q

Karma

A

karma is matter.
- More accurately the process by which ajiva is attached to jiva
- Anything that causes happiness or passion, is BAD… it drags more jiva to your ajiva

92
Q

Triple gems of jainism

A

Right faith, right knowledge, right conduct

93
Q

The Five Great Vows

A

Do no harm, do not lie, do not steal not take anything not given, do not have sex, do now allow attachment to persons, places, or things

94
Q

Sallekhana

A

Because eating involves harming other life forms, fasting oneself to death (sallekhana) is thought to be the ideal means of dying

95
Q

The three paths of the cycle of reincarnation

A

The path of action
The path of knowledge
The path of devotion

96
Q

Hinduism Ethics

A

The problem: the cycle of rebirth (samsara) returns all living things to a life of pain and misery

The solution: escape from the cycle of rebirth (moksha)

How to achieve the solution: follow one of the three paths

97
Q

Yama

A

determines where you go after death… either to the sky or below

98
Q

Tien

A

it is translated as HEAVEN

99
Q

Kuei

A

The bad earthly gods

100
Q

Shen

A

The good ghostly gods

101
Q

Shangdi

A

the supreme ruler in tien

102
Q

Yin- yang

A

harmonious complementarity.
yin- cold
yang- warm

103
Q

what do followers of Confucianism call their religion?

A

teaching of the Ru

104
Q

Ru

A

Scribes and ritual performers

105
Q

what book did Confucius write?

A

the 4 analects

106
Q

What are the three values Confucius taught?

A

ren
- traditionally translated as benevolence/kindness

li
- doing the right thing in the right way

xiao
- respect of parents while living

107
Q

the person who embodies values is called a

A

junzi

108
Q

what are the five relationships Confucius says guys must follow?

A
  • father and son
  • elder brother and younger brother
  • husband and wife
  • older friend and younger friend
  • ruler and subject
109
Q

a new for of confucianism arose: it is called the learning way or …

A

Confucianism

110
Q

ritual propriety

A

Bowing in greeting, giving and receiving gifts

111
Q

tomb sweeping day falls under what religion ?

A

confucianism

112
Q

what is the ethics for confucianism?

A

The problem: social chaos

the solution: development of the self as a profound person in order to create social harmony

The method: learning and putting into practice the rules of humaneness, ritual propriety, and filial piety

113
Q

What are the three elements of confucian practice?

A

filial piety, humaneness, and ritual

114
Q

What does Dao mean?

A

way, road, channel, or way to go

115
Q

who is the significant person in Daoism?

A

Laozi

116
Q

Tai chi definition

A

increasing your vital energy

117
Q

Ethics for daoism

A

the problem: we don’t have the vital energy for dao

the solution : live in harmony with and directed by the dao

the method: Use various techniques to increase vital energy (qi) and balance the yin and the yang, such as meditation,

118
Q

qigong

A

slow exercises and breathing techniques

119
Q

the three pure ones

A

they are the most popular gods

120
Q

The jade emperor and the mother of the west

A

perfected persons in Daoism

philosophy (6 decks)

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