Chapter 2 (E1)

Question 1

What varies from individual to individual?

Answer 1

The aging process

Question 2

What is a change of behavior of an organism with age?

Answer 2

Senescence

Question 3

A group of theories that are concerned with answering basic questions regarding the physiologic process that occurs in all living organisms as they chronologically age?

Answer 3

Biologic Theories of aging

Question 4

What are byproducts of fundamental metabolic activities within the body?
Production of these may increase because of environmental pollutants (ozone, pesticides, and radiation)

Answer 4

Free radicals

Question 5

Free radicals are neutralized by enzymatic activity or natural antioxidants (vitamin C + E), but if they are not neutralized, they may cause what?

Answer 5

Cell damage/Cell death

Question 6

Free radicals can cause mutations of what?

Answer 6

DNA-RNA transcription

(Free radicals do not contain DNA)

Question 7

A lipid and protein enriched pigmented material that has been found to accumulate in older adults tissues and is commonly referred to as “age spots”?

Answer 7

Lipofuscin

Question 8

As the lipofuscin increases, healthy tissue is slowly derived from oxygen and nutrient supply resulting in what?

Answer 8

Death of the tissue

Question 9

Administration of antioxidants postpones the appearance of what?

Answer 9

Diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer

Question 10

Theory of aging, some proteins become increasingly enmeshed and may impede metabolic processes by obstructing the passage of nutrients and wastes between compartments?
Primarily involves collagen

Answer 10

Cross-Linkage theory

Question 11

Where has cross-linkage agents been found?

Answer 11

Unsaturated fats, aluminum, zinc, magnesium, radiation

Question 12

Many medications older adults ingest contain what?

Answer 12

Aluminum

Question 13

Where are susceptible places to cross linking under the conditions of increased glucose?

Answer 13

Lens of the eye
Membranes of the kidneys
Blood vessels

Question 14

What causes an increased amount of cross linking?

Answer 14

Increased blood glucose

Question 15

What has been proposed as a primary cause of arteriosclerosis, decrease in immune system, and loss of skin elasticity?

Answer 15

Cross-Linkage

Question 16

This theory consisted of fetal fibroblastic cells and their reproductive capabilities.
This theory showed that functional changes do not occur within cells and are responsible for the aging of cells and the organisms

Answer 16

Hayflick Limit Theory

Question 17

This theory states that as a person ages, the immune system functions less effectively.

Answer 17

Immunologic Theory

Question 18

With the immunologic theory what changes are shown more?

Answer 18

T Lymphocytes
Which decreases the bodies defense against foreign objects

Question 19

How would you reduce free radical damage?

Answer 19

Ingest a varied, nutritious diet using the food pyramid.
Supplementation of Vitamin C and E

Question 20

This group of theories focus on changing roles and relationships.
The social adaptations of the lives of older adults.
Focused on global, societal, and structural factors that are influenced in aging people.

Answer 20

Sociologic Theories of aging

Question 21

This theory explains that aging successfully is related to staying active, maintaining a persons life satisfaction, and positive self concepts

Answer 21

Activity Theory

Question 22

This theory explains that how the person has been throughout life is how the person will CONTINUE to be through out the remainder of life.

Answer 22

Continuity Theory

Question 23

This theory explains that the concept of interdependence between the aging person and society at large.

Answer 23

Age Stratification Theory

Question 24

This theory relates to the individual personal competence within the environment in which they interact.
(As the person ages, the environment becomes more threatening)

Answer 24

Person-Environment Fit Theory

Question 25

Withdrawal in older adults may be manifestations of deeper problems like?

Answer 25

Depression

Question 26

In Maslows Hierarchy of Needs what is the needs for basic survival?

Answer 26

Physiological needs: food, water, warmth, rest

Question 27

What is the order from top to bottom of the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs pyramid?

Answer 27

Self-Actualization: achieving one’s full potential
Esteem Needs: feeling of accomplishment
Belongingness and Love Needs: relationships
Safety Needs: security
Physiological Needs: food water rest

Question 28

In this theory, a persons personality is visualized as oriented, either toward an external world or towards subjective inner experiences.
Essential for mental health

Answer 28

Jung’s Theory of Individualism

Question 29

Who proposed the theory of personality development throughout life?
childhood youth, and young adulthood, middle age, and old age.

Answer 29

Carl Jung (1960)
Swiss psychologist

Question 30

A period of emotional, and sometimes behavioral turmoil that heralds the onset of middle age is called?

Answer 30

Midlife crisis

Question 31

During what may be the first time the individual becomes aware of the effects of the aging process and the fact that the first part of the adult life is over?

Answer 31

Midlife crisis

Question 32

According to Jung’s theory, what does successful aging look like?

Answer 32

When a person looks inward and values him or herself for more than just current physical limitations or losses.

Question 33

This model identifies health as a dynamic state directed at improving the persons overall sense of well-being, health is not viewed as simply the absence of disease health is a multi dimensional in nature and influence by the persons environment.

Answer 33

The Health Promotion Model (HPM)

Question 34

This theory was developed by Katharine Kolcaba, during the 1990s.
This theory recognizes the importance of patient involvement and identifying their needs; comfort is the outcome of nursing interventions

Answer 34

Comfort Theory