Chapter 2 DENT 1060 Flashcards
Which of the following is the body's initial response to injury? A. The immune response B. The inflammatory response C. Repair D. Hyperplasia
B. The inflammatory response
What type of inflammation occurs if the injury is minimal and brief and the source is removed from the tissue? A. Fatal B. Acute C. Chronic D. Life-threatening
B. Acute
During the inflammatory response, the first microscopic event is:
A. Dilation of the microcirculation
B. Increased permeability of the microcirculation
C. Formation of exudate
D. Constriction of the microcirculation
D. Constriction of the microcirculation
Which one of the following conditions is considered a chronic inflammatory lesion? A. Necrotizing sialometaplasia B. Periapical granuloma C. Aphthous ulcer D. Aspirin burn
B. Periapical granuloma
The directed movement of white blood cells to the area of injury is called: A. Pavementing B. Margination C. Chemotaxis D. Hyperemia
C. Chemotaxis
Which of the following cells are the most prevalent cells seen in chronic inflammation? A. Neutrophils B. Macrophages and lymphocytes C. Lymphocytes and plasma cells D. Neutrophils and lymphocytes
C. Lymphocytes and plasma cells
The macrophage has many functions. Which of the following is NOT a function of the macrophage? A. Phagocytosis B. Removal of large foreign matter C. Removal of inhaled particles D. Formation of antibodies
D. Formation of antibodies
Which of the following is the term used to describe blood plasma with cells and proteins that leaves the blood vessels and enters the surrounding tissues during inflammation? A. Hyperemia B. Hypertrophy C. Margination D. Exudate
D. Exudate
The process of phagocytosis during inflammation directly involves the:
A. Ingestion of foreign substances by white blood cells
B. Escape of plasma fluids and proteins from the microcirculation into the surrounding tissues
C. Displacement of white blood cells to the blood vessel walls
D. Attachment of white blood cells to the blood vessel walls
A. Ingestion of foreign substances by white blood cells
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT concerning the neutrophil? The neutrophil:
A. Makes up 30% of white blood cells
B. Contains lysosomal enzymes
C. Is a cell whose main function is phagocytosis
D. Has a multilobed nucleus
A. Makes up 30% of white blood cells
During the process of inflammation, the second type of white blood cell to emigrate from the blood vessel into the injured tissue is the: A. Neutrophil B. Red blood cell C. Lymphocyte D. Macrophage
D. Macrophage
Components of the complement system mediate the inflammatory process by:
A. Decreasing vascular permeability
B. Releasing histamine granules from neutrophils
C. Causing cytolysis of cells
D. Decreasing phagocytosis
C. Causing cytolysis of cells
Two days after injury, granulation tissue can be described as: A. Immature vascular connective tissue B. Fluid in the form of exudate C. Dense avascular connective tissue D. Ulcerated tissue
A. Immature vascular connective tissue
The enlargement of superficial lymph nodes that occurs as a systemic sign of inflammation is:
A. Called leukocytosis
B. Regulated by the hypothalamus
C. Caused by changes in their lymphocytes
D. A process that involves only the lymph nodes in the submental area
C. Caused by changes in their lymphocytes
Which statement concerning repair in the body is TRUE?
A. Repair can be completed with the injurious agents present
B. Functioning cells and tissue components are always replaced by functioning scar tissue
C. Repair always results in regeneration
D. The process of repair is initiated by the inflammatory response
D. The process of repair is initiated by the inflammatory response
The clot that forms during repair after injury:
A. Consists of fibrous connective tissue
B. Serves as a guide for migrating epithelial cells
C. Forms after skin injury, but not after mucosal injury
D. Occurs only with healing by secondary intention
B. Serves as a guide for migrating epithelial cells
Healing by secondary intention refers to healing of an injury when:
A. The incision has clean edges joined by sutures
B. Only a small clot forms
C. An infection forms in the injured area
D. There is increased formation of granulation tissue
D. There is increased formation of granulation tissue
Which of the following is the term used to describe an increase in the size of an organ or tissue resulting from an increase in the number of its cells? A. Hyperemia B. Hyperplasia C. Inflammation D. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
Normal bone tissue repair in the body can be delayed by:
A. Maintenance of osteoblast-producing tissues
B. Inadequate movement of bone tissue
C. Drainage of an area of edema
D. Reduction in the amount of tissue infection
B. Inadequate movement of bone tissue
Which one of the following lesions would clinically appear as a pigmented lesion? A. Amalgam tattoo B. Traumatic ulcer C. Frictional keratosis D. Aspirin burn
A. Amalgam tattoo
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. Attrition is the wearing away of tooth structure during mastication
B. Bruxism is the same process as mastication
C. Erosion is the loss of tooth structure resulting from chemical action
D. Abrasion is caused by mechanical, repetitive habits
B. Bruxism is the same process as mastication
Loss of tooth structure associated with bulimia is caused by: A. Attrition B. Erosion C. Bruxism D. Abrasion
B. Erosion
An aspirin burn in the oral cavity: A. Occurs as a result of an overdose of aspirin B. Is usually painless C. Results from a misuse of aspirin D. Usually takes several weeks to heal
C. Results from a misuse of aspirin
A patient has a generalized white appearance of the palate. Tiny erythematous dots can be seen, surrounded by a thickened, raised, white-to-gray area. Overall the palate appears wrinkled. This condition is most likely: A. Papillary hyperplasia of the palate B. Nicotine stomatitis C. An aspirin burn D. Necrotizing sialometaplasia
B. Nicotine stomatitis
Which of the following is the most common cause of a mucocele? A. Acute inflammation B. Tumor formation C. Minor salivary gland duct trauma D. A sialotlith
C. Minor salivary gland duct trauma
A ranula is located on the: A. Lower lip B. Buccal mucosa C. Retromolar area D. Floor of the mouth
D. Floor of the mouth
Which one of the following lesions would NOT occur on the gingiva? A. Irritation fibroma B. Pyogenic granuloma C. Giant cell granuloma D. Epulis fissuratum
D. Epulis fissuratum
Generalized loss of tooth structure primarily on the lingual surfaces of maxillary anterior teeth is associated with: A. Erosion B. Attrition C. Abrasion D. Abraction
A. Erosion
Which of the following may be a cause of external tooth resorption? A. Caries B. Salivary gland dysfunction C. Chronic inflammation D. Medication
A. Caries
Which one of the following is considered to be the most likely cause of necrotizing sialometaplasia? A. Loss of blood supply B. Radiation therapy C. Smoking D. A sialolith
A. Loss of blood supply
The most common site for a mucocele to occur is the: A. Floor of the mouth B. Tongue C. Buccal mucosa D. Lower lip
D. Lower lip
The peripheral giant cell granuloma occurs only on the: A. Gingiva or alveolar mucosa B. Hard palate C. Buccal mucosa D. Floor of the mouth
A. Gingiva or alveolar mucosa
A sialotlith is:
A. Chronic inflammation of a salivary gland
B. Acute inflammation of a salivary gland
C. A pooling of saliva in the connective tissue
D. A salivary gland stone
D. A salivary gland stone
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A. A periapical cyst develops from a periapical granuloma
B. A periapical abscess always causes radiographic periapical changes
C. A periapical granuloma is a circumscribed area of chronically inflamed tissue
D. A periapical cyst is also a radicular cyst
B. A periapical abscess always causes radiographic periapical changes
Epulis fissuratum results from irritation caused by:
A. A denture flange
B. Denture adhesive
C. Poor suction from the denture in the palatal vault
D. An allergic reaction to the acrylic in the denture
A. A denture flange
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. A traumatic neuroma is never painful
B. Necrotizing sialometaplasia is considered a denture-related lesion
C. Chronic hyperplastic pulpitis is similar to gingival hyperplasia
D. Gingival enlargement may be caused by medication
D. Gingival enlargement may be caused by medication
Loss of tooth structure caused by chemical action describes: A. Abrasion B. Internal resorption C. Erosion D. Attrition
C. Erosion
Which of the following cysts is characteristically associated with a tooth that is nonvital on pulp testing? A. Residual B. Radicular C. Dentigerous D. Dermoid
B. Radicular
Which of the following cysts results when a tooth is extracted without removing the periapical cystic sac? A. Radicular B. Primordial C. Residual D. Periodontal
C. Residual
The most common cause of a radicular cyst is:
A. Deep restorations without a base
B. Caries
C. Occlusal trauma
D. Toothbrush abrasion at the cemento-enamel junction
B. Caries
The wearing away of tooth structure through an abnormal mechanical action defines: A. Attrition B. Abrasion C. Erosion D. Resorption
B. Abrasion
Which one of the following is NOT associated with attrition? A. Toothpaste B. Bruxism C. Mastication D. Age
A. Toothpaste
Heavy plaque and calculus deposits, mouth breathing, orthodontic appliances, and overhanging restorations best describe some of the causative factors for:
A. Phenytoin (Dilantin) hyperplasia
B. A reaction from nifedipine (Procardia)
C. Irritation fibromatosis
D. Chemical firbromatosis
C. Irritation fibromatosis
A pink, granular or "cobblestone"-like appearance of the hard palate under a denture is most likely: A. Nicotine stomatitis B. Necrotizing sialometaplasia C. Papillary hyperplasia of the palate D. Multiple fibromas
C. Papillary hyperplasia of the palate
During examination of the dentition, the dental hygienist notes the presence of active wear facets. This indicates that the patient is: A. Chewing too vigorously B. A bruxer C. A vegetarian D. Lip biting
B. A bruxer
A patient has a loss of tooth structure on the labial surfaces of the anterior teeth and reports a high intake of citrus fruit juices. The dental hygienist would most likely suspect: A. Abrasion B. Bulimia C. Bruxism D. Erosion
D. Erosion
The amalgam tattoo represents amalgam particles in the tissue and is most commonly observed in the oral cavity on the:
A. Lateral borders of the tongue
B. Anterior palate near the rugae
C. Floor of the mouth
D. Posterior gingiva and edentulous ridge
D. Posterior gingiva and edentulous ridge
A pink protruding mass in the occlusal surface of a severely carious mandibular first or second molar is most likely a(n): A. Irritation fibroma B. Pyogenic granuloma C. Pulp polyp D. Pulpal granuloma
C. Pulp polyp
Which of the following drugs does NOT cause gingival enlargement? A. Phenytoin (Dilantin) B. Cyclosporine C. Nifedipine (Procardia) D. Tetracycline
D. Tetracycline
Traumatic ulcers are usually diagnosed on the basis of:
A. The patient’s medical history
B. The clinical appearance and history of the ulcers
C. The results of a biopsy and microscopic examination
D. A therapeutic diagnosis
B. The clinical appearance and history of the ulcers
Which of the following might be identified on a radiograph? A. Mucocele B. Sialolith C. Necrotizing sialometaplasia D. Chronic sialadenitis
B. Sialolith
Which of the following is FALSE concerning actinic cheilitis?
A. It affects the vermilion of the lips
B. It is caused by sun exposure
C. It usually involves the upper lip more severely than the lower lip
D. It can be identified by clinical changes in the appearance of the lips
C. It usually involves the upper lip more severely than the lower lip
All of the following are systemic manifestations of inflammation except: A. Leukocytosis B. Fever C. Hyperemia and erythema D. Lymphadenopathy
C. Hyperemia and erythema
A raised, white line is seen on the buccal mucosa at the level of the occlusal plane. This is best called: A. Frictional keratosis B. Leukoplakia C. Linea alba D. A traumatic ulcer
C. Linea alba
Which of the following is FALSE concerning a traumatic neuroma? It is:
A. Caused by an injury to a peripheral nerve
B. Composed of nerve tissue completely surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue capsule
C. Composed of a proliferation of small nerves
D. Often painful
B. Composed of nerve tissue completely surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue capsule
Enhancement of phagocytosis is called: A. Opsonization B. Abfraction C. Transudate D. Chemotaxis
A. Opsonization
Wedge-shaped defects at the cervical area of teeth define which of the following terms? A. Erosion B. Abfraction C. Attrition D. Abrasion
B. Abfraction
Condensing osteitis is diagnosed mainly through which type of diagnostic process? A. Clinical B. Radiographic C. Laboratory D. Therapeutic
B. Radiographic
Abscess
a collection of purulent exudate that has accumulated in a cavity formed by the tissue
Actinic
relating to or exhibiting chemical changes produced by radiant energy, especially the visible and ultraviolet parts of the spectrum; relating to exposure to the UV rays of sunlight
Acute
a course of disease that is either of short duration or one that is both short and relatively severe
Angiogenesis
the formation and differentiation of blood vessels
Atrophy
the decrease in size and function of a cell, tissue, organ, or whole body
Central
describes a lesion that is at the center of an involved area; in the context of oral lesions, it indicates that the lesion is within bone
Chemotaxis
the movement of white blood cells, as directed by biochemical mediators, to an area of injury
Chronic
course of disease persisting for a long time
C-reactive protein
a nonspecific protein, produced in the liver, that becomes elevated during episodes of acute inflammation or infection
Cyst
an abnormal sac or cavity lined by epithelium and surrounded by fibrous connective tissue
Cytolysis
the dissolution or destruction of a cell
Edema
excess plasma or exudate in the interstitial space that results in tissue swelling
Emigration
the passage of white blood cells through the walls of small blood vessels and into injured tissue
Epithelialization
the process of being covered with epithelium
Erythema
redness of the skin or mucosa
Exudate
fluid with a high protein content that leaves the microcirculation during an inflammatory response; an exudate consists of serum that contains white blood cells, fibrin, and other protein molecules
Fever
an elevation of body temperature to greater than the normal level of 37C or 98.6F
Fibroplasia
the formation of fibrous tissue, as normally occurs in healing
Fistula
an abnormal passage that leads from an abscess to the body surface
Granulation tissue
the initial connective tissue formed in healing
Granuloma
a collection of macrophages usually surrounded by a rim of lymphocytes
Hyperemia
an excess of blood within blood vessels in a part of the body
Hyperplasia
an enlargement of a tissue or organ resulting from an increase in the number of normal cells; the result of increased cell division
Hypertrophy
an enlargement of a tissue or organ resulting from an increase in the size of its individual cells, but not in the number of cells
Inflammation
a nonspecific response to injury that involves the microcirculation and its blood cells
Leukocytosis
a temporary increase in the number of white blood cells circulating in the blood
Local
a disease process that is confined to a limited location in the body; not general or systemic
Lymphadenopathy
abnormal enlargement of lymph nodes
Macrophage
the second type of white blood cell to arrive at a site of injury; it participates in phagocytosis during inflammation and continues to be active in the immune response
Margination
a process during inflammation in which white blood cells tend to move to the periphery of the blood vessel at the site of injury
Microcirculation
small blood vessels, including arterioles, capillaries, and venules
Myofibroblast
a fibroblast that has some of the characteristics of smooth muscle cells, such as the ability to contract
Necrosis
the pathologic death of one or more cells, or a portion of tissue, or an organ that results from irreversible damage to cells
Neutrophil
the first white blood cell to arrive at a site of injury; the primary cell involved in acute inflammation; also called POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE
Opacification
the process of becoming opaque
Opsonization
the enhancement of phagocytosis by a process in which a pathogen is marked, with opsonins, for destruction by phagocytes
Pavementing
the adherence of white blood cells to blood vessel walls during inflammation
Peripheral
located away from the center; in the context of oral lesions, peripheral indicates that the lesion is within the gingival tissue or alveolar mucosa
Phagocytosis
the ingestion and digestion of particulate material by cells
Purulent
a secretion containing or forming pus
Radicular
pertaining to the root of a tooth
Regeneration
the process by which injured tissue is replaced with tissue identical to that present before the injury
Repair
the restoration of damaged or diseased tissues by cellular change and growth
Serous
a secretion having a watery consistency; relating to serum
Systemic
pertaining to or affecting the body as a whole; a disease process pertaining to or affecting the body as a whole
Transudate
the fluid component of blood that normally passes through the endothelial cell walls of the microcirculation
Traumatic injury
a disease process that results from injury that causes tissue damage
Waldeyer’s ring
the ring of lymphatic tissue formed by the two palatine tonsils, the pharyngeal tonsil, the lingual tonsil, and intervening lymphoid tissue
Wheal
A localized swelling of tissue because of a edema during inflammation, often accompanied by severe itching
