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Educational Psychology > Chapter 2: Cognitive and Linguistic Development > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Cognitive and Linguistic Development Flashcards

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1
Q

cognitive development

A

Development of increasingly sophisticated thinking, reasoning, and language with age.

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2
Q

developmental milestones

A

Appearance of a new, more advanced behavior that indicates significant progress in a child’s development.

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3
Q

maturation

A

Gradual, genetically driven acquisition of more advanced physical and neurological capabilities over the course of childhood and adolescence.

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4
Q

sensitive periods

A

Age range during which environmental conditions have an especially strong influence on an aspect of a child’s development (you may sometimes see the term critical period).

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5
Q

biological systems theory

A

Theory proposing that a child’s everyday environments and the child’s broader social and cultural contexts interact in their influences on the child’s development.

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6
Q

culture

A

Behaviors and belief systems that members of a long-standing social group share and pass along to successive generations.

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7
Q

neurons

A

Cell in the brain or another part of the nervous system that transmits information to other cells.

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8
Q

glial cells

A

Cell in the brain that supports neurons or general brain functioning.

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9
Q

synapses

A

Junction between two neurons that allows transmission of messages from one to the other.

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10
Q

neurotransmitters

A

Chemical substance through which one neuron sends a message to another neuron.

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11
Q

cortex

A

Upper part of the brain; primary site of complex, conscious thinking processes.

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12
Q

synaptogenesis

A

Universal process in brain development in which many new synapses form spontaneously.

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13
Q

synaptic pruning

A

Universal process in brain development in which many previously formed but rarely used synapses gradually wither away.

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14
Q

myelination

A

Growth of a fatty sheath (myelin) around the axons of neurons, enabling faster transmission of electrical impulses.

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15
Q

plasticity

A

Ability to reorganize in order to adapt to changing circumstances; term often used in describing the human brain.

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16
Q

cognitive tools

A

Concept, symbol, strategy, procedure, or other culturally constructed mechanism that helps people think about and respond to situations more effectively.

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17
Q

appropriation

A

Process of internalizing but also adapting the cognitive tools of one’s culture for one’s own use.

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18
Q

cognitive apprenticeship

A

Mentorship in which an expert and novice work together on challenging tasks, with the expert providing guidance regarding how to think about the tasks.

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19
Q

schemes

A

Organized group of similar actions or thoughts that are used repeatedly in response to the environment.

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20
Q

equilibrium

A

State of being able to address new events with existing schemes.

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21
Q

equlibration

A

Movement from equilibrium to disequilibrium and back to equilibrium, a process that promotes development of more complex thought and understandings.

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22
Q

formal operations stage

A

Piaget’s fourth and final stage of cognitive development, in which logical reasoning processes can be applied to abstract ideas as well as to concrete objects.

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23
Q

formal operational egocentrism

A

Inability of adolescents in Piaget’s formal operations stage to separate their own abstract logic from the perspectives of others and from practical considerations.

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24
Q

guided participation

A

Process in which a child gains new skills by working on a complex, meaningful task in close collaboration with an adult or more experienced peer.

25
Q

preoperational stage

A

Piaget’s second stage of cognitive development, in which children can think about objects and events beyond their immediate view but do not yet reason in logical, adultlike ways.

26
Q

preoperational egocentrism

A

Inability of children in Piaget’s preoperational stage to look at a situation from another person’s perspective; reflects a cognitive limitation, not a personality flaw.

27
Q

self-talk

A

Process of talking to oneself as a way of guiding oneself through a task.

28
Q

inner speech

A

Process of talking to and guiding oneself mentally rather than aloud.

29
Q

internalization

A

Process through which a learner gradually incorporates socially based activities into his or her internal cognitive processes.

30
Q

level of potential development

A

Upper limit of tasks that a learner can successfully perform with the assistance of a more competent individual.

31
Q

neo-piagetian theories

A

Theoretical perspective that combines elements of Piaget’s theory with more contemporary research and theories and suggests that development in specific content domains is often stagelike in nature.

32
Q

sociocognitive conflict

A

Situation in which one encounters and has to wrestle with ideas and viewpoints inconsistent with one’s own.

33
Q

sociocultural theory

A

Theoretical perspective emphasizing the importance of society and culture in promoting learning and development.

34
Q

phonological awareness

A

Ability to hear the distinct sounds of which spoken words are comprised.

35
Q

immersion

A

Second-language instruction in which students hear and speak that language almost exclusively in the classroom.

36
Q

zone of proximal development (ZPD)

A

Range of tasks that a learner can perform with the help and guidance of others but cannot yet perform independently.

37
Q

specific language impairment

A

Disability characterized by abnormalities in the production or comprehension of spoken language, to the point that special educational services are required.

38
Q

subtractive bilingualism

A

Phenomenon in which complete immersion in a new-language environment leads to deficits in a child’s native language.

39
Q

scaffolding

A

support mechanism that helps a learner successfully perform a challenging task (i.e. a task within the learner’s zone of proximal development)

40
Q

guided participation

A

process in which a child gains new skills by working on complex, meaningful task in close collaboration with an adult or more experienced peer

41
Q

apprenticeship

A

mentorship in which a novice works with an expert for a lengthy time period to learn how to accomplish increasingly complex tasks within a particular domain

42
Q

metalinguistic awareness

A

ability to think consciously about the nature and functions of language

43
Q

disequilibrium

A

State of being unable to address new events with existing schemes; typically accompanied by some mental discomfort.

44
Q

class inclusion

A

the ability to classify objects as belonging to two categories simultaneously (acquired during concrete operational stage)

45
Q

object pemanence

A

Realization that objects continue to exist even when removed from view (acquired during sensorimotor stage)

46
Q

symbolic representation

A

representation of physical objects & events as mental entities (acquired during sensorimotor stage)

47
Q

egocentrism

A

in ability to take on the perspective of another person (characteristic of preoperational thought)

48
Q

centration

A

tendency to focus on one part of the situation (esp. inability to grasp conservation) (characteristic of preoperational thought)

49
Q

conservation

A

realization that the amount stays the same if nothing is added or taken away, regardless of alterations in shape or arrangement (acquired during concrete operational stage)

50
Q

seriation

A

the child’s ability to order objects with respect to a common property (characteristic of concrete operational thought)

51
Q

hypothetico-deductive reasoning

A

deducing a hypotheses from a general theory

52
Q

transitive inference

A

ability to compare two objects via an intermediate object

53
Q

reciprocal teaching

A

?

54
Q

cooperative learning

A

?

55
Q

assisted discovery

A

?

56
Q

immersion

A

?

57
Q

dual immersion

A

?

58
Q

bilingual education

A

?

59
Q

subtractive bilingualism

A

?

Educational Psychology (7 decks)

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