Chapter 2 CHEMISTRY OF LIFE Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

is anything that has mass and takes up space.

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2
Q

Elements

A

are the basic building blocks of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means.

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3
Q

Atoms

A

re the smallest units of an element that retain the element’s physical and chemical properties.

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4
Q

Neutrons

A

are neutral in nucleus.

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5
Q

Protons

A

are positively charged in nucleus.

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6
Q

Electrons

A

are negatively charged and orbit around the nucleus.

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7
Q

Isotopes

A

are atoms that have the same atomic number but a different atomic mass because the number of neutrons differ.

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8
Q

Radioisotopes

A

are useful in dating old objects, imaging body organs and tissues through X-rays, and killing cancer cells.

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9
Q

IONIC BONDS

A

Atoms in this type of bond donate or take on electrons. Result in a stable outer shell.
Occur between particles that are charged (ions)

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10
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Atoms in this type of bond share electrons. Result in a stable outer shell

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11
Q

WHAT ARE THE PROPERTIES OF WATER?

A

Water is liquid at room temperature.
Liquid water does not change temperature quickly. Water has a high heat of evaporation.
Frozen water is less dense than liquid water. Molecules of water cling together.
Water is a solvent for polar molecules.

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12
Q

WHAT BOND HOLDS WATER MOLECULES TOGETHER?

A

Hydrogen bonds occur between a hydrogen in a covalent bond and
a negatively charged atom

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13
Q

Acids

A

substances that dissociate and release hydrogen ions (H+).

0-6

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14
Q

Bases

A

ubstances that take up hydrogen ions (H+) or release hydroxide ions (OH-). 8-14

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15
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

the addition of water that breaks larger molecules into their subunits

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16
Q

WHAT ORGANIC MOLECULES ARE FOUND IN LIVING ORGANISMS?

A
  1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids
  2. Proteins
  3. Nucleic acid
17
Q

WHAT ARE CARBOHYDRATES made of

A

Made of subunits called monosaccharides

18
Q

COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATES

A

Polysaccharides are made of many carbon rings.
Glycogen is the storage form in animals.
Starch is the storage form in plants.

19
Q

WHAT ARE LIPIDS?

A

Found as fats and oils, phospholipids, and steroids.
Molecules that do not dissolve in water. Used as energy molecules.
Found in cell membranes.

20
Q

Phospholipids

A

primary components of cellular membranes.

LOOKS LIKE SPERM WITH 2 LEGS makes up the bilayer.

21
Q

WHAT ARE PROTEINS made of?

A

Made of subunits called amino acids

22
Q

PROTEINS main functions?

A

Important for diverse functions in the body including hormones, enzymes, antibodies, and transport

23
Q

WHAT ARE THE 4 LEVELS OF PROTEIN ORGANIZATION?

A

Primary – the linear order of amino acids
Secondary – localized folding into pleated sheets and
helices
Tertiary – the 3-D shape of the entire protein in space Quaternary – combination of more than one polypeptide
All proteins have primary, secondary, and tertiary structure, while only a few have quaternary structure.

24
Q

SUMMARY OF DNA AND RNA STRUCTURAL DIFFERENCES

A
DNA
•Sugar is deoxyribose
•Bases include A, T, C, and G
• Double-stranded
RNA
•Sugar is ribose
•Bases include A, U, C, and G
• Single-stranded