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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

anything that has mass and occupies space.

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2
Q

Element

A

a pure substance: cannot be broken down or decomposed into two or more substances.

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3
Q

Compound

A

A chemical combination of two or more elements.

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4
Q

How many elements are found in the body?

A

24

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5
Q

What are the major elements in the body?

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus

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6
Q

What are the lesser elements of the body?

A

Sulfur, Potassium, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium, Iron

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7
Q

What are the trace elements found in the body?

A

Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Fluorine, Iodine, Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium, Silicon, Tin, Vanadium, Zinc

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8
Q

Elements consist of what?

A

Atoms

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9
Q

What determines an elements atomic number?

A

The number of protons in the nucleus

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10
Q

What determines an elements atomic weight?

A

The number of protons and neutrons added together.

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11
Q

What are electrons?

A

tiny particles with a negative charge

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12
Q

Where do you find electrons?

A

Whirling around the nucleus on energy shells/rings

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13
Q

What are the maximum amount of electrons an energy ring can hold?

A

the energy ring closest to the nucleus can hold 2 electrons while the outer rings can hold 8 electrons.

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14
Q

Isotope

A

An atom containing a different amount of neutrons than protons.

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15
Q

Molecule

A

a particle composed of two or more atoms united by a chemical bond.

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16
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

ionic bonds are formed when one atom transfers an electron from its outer shell to another atom.

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17
Q

Cation

A

Atoms with a positive charge

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18
Q

Anion

A

Atoms with a negative charge

19
Q

Ionization

A

when dissolved in water, ionic bonds tend to break, or dissociate, creating a solution of positively and negatively charged ions that’s capable of conducting electricity.

20
Q

Electrolytes

A

compounds that ionize in water and create a solution capable of conducting electricity.

21
Q

Electrolytes are crucial for what?

A

the heart, nerve, and muscle function; the distribution of water in the body; and the occurrence of chemical reactions.

22
Q

Ions

A

electrically charged atoms

23
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

covalent bonds are formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to try to fill their outer energy shells.

24
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

a hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another.

25
Q

Energy

A

the ability to do work

26
Q

Potential energy

A

the potential to do work

27
Q

Kinetic energy

A

energy in motion

28
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions in the body

29
Q

What are the two types of metabolic activity?

A

Catabolism and Anabolism

30
Q

Catabolism

A

involves breaking down complex compounds into simpler ones, releases energy

31
Q

Anabolism

A

Involves building larger and more complex chemical molecules from smaller subunits, requires energy input

32
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

the formation or breaking of chemical bonds

33
Q

Synthesis reaction

A

two or more substances combine to form a different more complex substance (A+B—> AB) energy is required

34
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

A complex substance breaks down into two or more simpler substances, energy is released (AB–> A+B)

35
Q

Exchange reaction

A

two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms, which form two new compounds (AB+CD—> AC+BD)

36
Q

What are the inorganic molecules essential to human life?

A

water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, acids, and bases

37
Q

Mixture

A

results when two or more substances blend together rather than chemically combine. each substance retains its own chemical properties, and can e separated.

38
Q

What are the types of mixtures?

A

solution, colloid, and suspension

39
Q

Solution

A

consists of particles of matter called the solute, dissolved in a more abundant substance called the solvent. can be a gas, solid, or liquid at room temperature. Solvent must be clear, particles cannot separate out of the solvent when the solution is allowed to stand.

40
Q

Colloid

A

Can change from liquid to gel

particles small enough to stay mixed (large enough to make mixture cloudy)

41
Q

Suspension

A

Contains large particles, making it cloudy or opaque

if allowed to stand the particles will separate and settle at the bottom or the container

42
Q

What is an Acid?

A

any substance that releases H+ when dissolved in water (also called proton donors)

43
Q

What is a Base?

A

alkaline compounds also called proton acceptors

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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