Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 10: Nervous system > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system and Peripheral nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the Central nervous system consist of?

A

The brain and spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the Peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

Consists of the vast network of nerves throughout the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Neurobiology

A

The study of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the divisions of the Peripheral nervous system?

A

Sensory(afferent) and Motor(efferent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of the Sensory(afferent) division of the Peripheral nervous system?

A

Carries signals from the nerve endings to CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Somatic sensory of the Peripheral nervous system

A

Carries signals from the skin, bones, joints, and muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Visceral sensory of the Peripheral nervous system

A

Carries signals from viscera of heart, lungs, stomach, and bladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of the Motor(efferent) division of the Peripheral nervous system?

A

Transmits information from CNS to rest of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Somatic motor of the Peripheral nervous system

A

Allows voluntary movements of skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Autonomic motor of the Peripheral nervous system

A

Provides “automatic” activities such as control of blood pressure and heart rate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two divisions of Autonomic motor?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sympathetic division of Autonomic motor

A

Arouses the body for action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Parasympathetic division of Autonomic motor

A

Has a calming effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the two types of cells that make up the nervous system and what do they do?

A

Neurons: the excitable, impulse-conducting cell
Neuroglia: supportive cells, protect neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Types of Glial cells of CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal
Microglia
Astrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Type of Glial cell of PNS

A

Schwann

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the three classes of neurons?

A

Sensory, Interneuron, Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sensory neurons

A

detect stimuli–such as touch, pressure, heat, cold, or chemicals and then transmit info about the stimuli to the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Interneurons

A

(Found only in the CNS) connect the incoming sensory pathways with the outgoing motor pathways. The connections made by this neuron is what makes each of us unique in how we think, feel, and act.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Motor neurons

A

Relay messages from the brain to the muscle of gland cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the three types of neurons?

A

Multipolar, Bipolar, and Unipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Have one axon and multiple dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Have two processes: an axon and a dendrite with a cell body in between the two processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Unipolar neurons

A

Have one process-an axon- that extends from the cell body before branching into a T shape.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cell body

A

Also called soma, is the control center of the neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive signals from other neurons and conduct the information to the cell body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Axon

A

Carries nerve signals away from the cell body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Consisting of mostly lipids, myelin acts to insulate the axon. (found in many but not all neurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath at evenly spaced intervals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Synaptic knob

A

Axon terminal ending with vesicles containing a neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Fast Fact: what nerve has the longest axon in the body?

A

The sciatic nerve extending from the base of the spine to the big toe in each foot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

How is the myelin sheath formed in the Peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells wrap themselves around the axon, laying down multiple layers of cell membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Neurilemma

A

Is essential for an injured nerve to regenerate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How is the myelin sheath formed in the CNS?

A

Is formed by Oligodendrocytes, one oligodendrocyte forms the myelin sheath for several axons.

36
Q

Does the CNS have Neurilemma?

A

No, which explains why CNS neurons do not regenerate.

37
Q

Polarized Impulse Conduction

A

An excess of positive ions on one side of the membrane and an excess of negative ions on the other side.

38
Q

Resting Potential

A

The state of being inactive and polarized; has potential to react if a stimulus comes along.

39
Q

Depolarization

A

Stimulus causes Na+ to enter the cell
Region of interior changes from negative to positive
As the membrane becomes more positive it depolarizes

40
Q

Action Potential

A

Channels in adjacent areas open and more Na+ enters the cell

Means the neuron has become active as it conducts an impulse along the axon

41
Q

Repolarization

A

K+ flows out of cell
Electrical balance restored: interior has negative charge and exterior has positive charge.
However Na+ and K+ are now flip-flopped with the outside containing more K+ and the inside more Na+

42
Q

Refractory Period

A

Membrane is polarized, but Na+ and K+ are on wrong sides of the membrane.
Sodium-potassium pump works to restore ions to rightful sides.

43
Q

Impulse Conduction in Myelinated Fibers

A

The only place ion exchange can occur is at the nodes of Ranvier

44
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Because the action potentials occur only at the nodes, the impulse seems to “leap” from node to node.

45
Q

How many pair of spinal nerves are there?

46
Q

Cervical region nerves innervate which parts of the body?

A

Chest, head, neck, shoulders, arms, hands, and diaphragm

47
Q

Thoracic region nerves innervate which parts of the body?

A

Intercostal muscles of the ribcage, abdominal muscles, and back muscles.

48
Q

Lumbar spinal nerves innervate which parts of the body?

A

Lower abdominal wall, and parts of the thighs and legs

49
Q

Sacral region nerves innervate which parts of the body?

A

Thighs, buttocks, skin of the legs and feet, and anal and genital regions.

50
Q

By adulthood which vertebra does the spinal cord extend to?

51
Q

Gray Matter in the spinal cord

A

Has a lack of myelin, contains mostly the cell bodies of motor neurons and interneurons. divided into two sets of horns (dorsal and anterior)

52
Q

White Matter in the spinal cord

A

Abundance of myelin, contains bundles of axons called tracts that carry impulses from one part of the nervous system to another.

53
Q

Epidural Space

A

Small space lying between the outer covering of the spinal cord and the vertebrae; contains a cushioning layer of fat.

54
Q

Central canal

A

Minute opening that carries cerebrospinal fluid through the spinal cord.

55
Q

Layers of the Meninges

A 
Pia mater (innermost layer)
Arachnoid mater (middle layer)
Dura mater (tough outer layer)
56
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater, it is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

57
Q

Spinal Tracts

A

Bundles of axons within the white matter of the spinal cord that serve as routes of communication to and from the brain.

58
Q

Ascending Tracts convey what?

A

Sensory signals up the spinal cord to the brain.

59
Q

Descending Tracts conduct what?

A

Motor impulses down the spinal cord to muscles.

60
Q

Dorsal Column

A

Ascending tract, relays sensations of deep pressure and vibration.

61
Q

Spinocerebellar Tract

A

Ascending tract, responsible for proprioception

62
Q

Spinothalamic Tract

A

Ascending tract, relays sensations of temperature, pressure, pain, and touch.

63
Q

Corticospinal Tract or Pyramidal Tract

A

Descending tract, is responsible for fine movements of hands, fingers, feet and toes on the opposite side of the body.

64
Q

Extrapyramidal Tracts

A

Descending tracts, are a group of tracts associated with balance and muscle tone.

65
Q

Decussation

A

Most of the spinal cord tracts cross from one side of the body to the other in the brainstem.

66
Q

Paraplegia

A

Spinal cord injury between the levels T1 and L1, paralysis in the legs

67
Q

Quadriplegia

A

Injury above the C5 vertebrae, paralysis of all limbs

68
Q

Why is an injury above the C4 so serious?

A

Because this is where the phrenic nerve exits the spinal cord, this nerve innervates the diaphragm so an injury here can cause respiratory failure.

69
Q

Nerve

A

Consists of many nerve fibers encased by connective tissue

70
Q

Fascicles

A

Nerve fibers gathered together in bundles

71
Q

Mixed Nerves

A

Nerve that contains both sensory and motor fibers, can transmit signals in two directions

72
Q

Sensory Nerves

A

Contain only sensory(afferent) fibers, carry sensations toward the spinal cord

73
Q

Motor Nerves

A

Contain only motor(efferent) fibers, carry messages to muscles and glands

74
Q

What are the four major plexuses of spinal nerves?

A

Cervical, Brachial, Lumbar, Sacral

75
Q

Cervical plexus

A

Contains nerves that supply the muscles and skin of the neck, tops of the shoulders, and part of the head. Key nerve: Phrenic

76
Q

Brachial plexus

A

Innervates the lower part of the shoulder and the arm. Key nerves: axillary, radial, ulnar, median

77
Q

Lumbar plexus

A

Derived from the fibers of the first four lumbar vertebrae-supplies the thigh and leg.
Key nerve: Femoral

78
Q

Sacral plexus

A

formed from fibers from nerves L4, L5, and S1 through S4

Key Nerve: Sciatic

79
Q

Dermatomes

A

Specific areas of the skin that a nerve innervates

80
Q

Somatic reflexes

A

Involve the contraction of a skeletal muscle after being stimulated by a somatic motor neuron

81
Q

Cerebrum

A

Largest portion of the brain

82
Q

Diencephalon

A

Sits between the cerebrum and the midbrain

83
Q

Cerebellum

A

Second largest region of the brain

84
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

A deep groove in the brain that divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres

85
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

A thick bundle of nerves that run along the bottom of the fissure and serves to connect the two hemispheres

86
Q

Brainstem

A

Makes up the rest of the brain, consists of 3 structures: Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions