Chapter 2-Chemistry of life

Question 1

Ability to absorb and release heat with little temperature change.

Prevent sudden changes in temperature

Answer 1

High heat capacity (properties of water)

Question 2

Evaporation requires large amounts of heat.

Useful cooling mechanism

Answer 2

High heat of vaporization (properties of water)

Question 3

Solves and dissociates iconic substances

For hydration layers around large charged molecules

Bodies major transport medium

Answer 3

Polar solvent properties (properties of water)

Question 4

Necessary part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions

Answer 4

Reactivity (properties of water)

Question 5

Protect certain organs from physical trauma.

Example: cerebral spinal fluid cushions nervous system organs

Answer 5

Cushioning

Question 6

Ionic compounds that dissociate into separate ions in water.

Separate into cations (positively charged molecules) and anions (negatively charged)

Answer 6

Salts

Question 7

Ions: conduct electrical currents in solution.

Play specialized roles and body functions

Ionic balance is vital for homeostasis

Answer 7

Electrolytes

Question 8

Proton donors: electrolyte ionize and dissociate in water, becoming proton donors by releasing hydrogen ion (H+)

Answer 8

Acids

Question 9

Proton acceptors: hydrogen ions in solution

Answer 9

Bases

Question 10

When a base dissolves in solution it releases

Answer 10

Hydroxyl ion

Question 11

A measurement of concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

Answer 11

PH scale

Question 12

Solutions have high hydrogen ions, but low pH. Range is 0-6.99

Answer 12

Acidic

Question 13

All solutions are pH 7

Answer 13

Neutral solutions

Question 14

pH range is 7.01 -14

Answer 14

Alkaline (basic)

Question 15

Resist abrupt and large swings in pH

Can release hydrogen ions if pH rises

Can bind hydrogen ions if pH falls

Answer 15

Buffers

Question 16

Occur when electrons are shared, gained or lost

Answer 16

Chemical reactions

Question 17

Smaller particles are bonded together to form large more complex molecules

Example: amino acids are joined together to form a protein molecule

Answer 17

Synthesis reactions

Question 18

Bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting smaller less complex molecules.

Example: release glucose molecules

Answer 18

Decomposition reactions

Question 19

Bonds are both made and broken

Example: transfer terminal phosphate group to glucose to form glucose phosphate

Answer 19

Exchange reactions

Question 20

The speed of chemical reactions can be affected by temperature, concentration of reactants, particle size

Answer 20

Factors of affecting rate of reaction

Question 21

Organic molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Answer 21

Organic compounds

Question 22

Release energy

Answer 22

Exergonic

Question 23

Absorb energy

Answer 23

Endergonic

Question 24

Electroneutral. Shares electrons: never gains or loses them.

Forms four covalent bonds with other elements

Answer 24

Carbon

Question 25

Single units

Answer 25

Monomers

Question 26

Many units

Answer 26

Polymers

Question 27

Water is removed as larger molecules are formed

Answer 27

Dehydration synthesis

Question 28

Chemical breakdown due to reaction with water

Answer 28

Hydrolysis

Question 29

Include sugars and starches

Answer 29

Carbohydrates

Question 30

One single sugar Monomers of Carbohydrates Pentose sugars Hexose sugars: glucose

Answer 30

Monosaccharides

Question 31

Two sugars Too large to pass through cell membranes Sucrose, Maltose, lactose Formed by dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides

Answer 31

Disaccharides

Question 32

Many sugars Polymers of monosaccharides Formed by dehydration synthesis of many monomers Starch, glycogen Not very soluble

Answer 32

Polysaccharides

Question 33

Insoluble in water

Answer 33

Lipids

Question 34

Fat when solid and oil when liquid Composed of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol molecule by dehydration synthesis.

Answer 34

Triglycerides

Question 35

No double bonds/Maximum number of H atoms Solid at room temperature (example: animal fats, butter)

Answer 35

Saturated fatty acids

Question 36

Double bonds, resulting in reduced H atoms Liquid at room temperature

Answer 36

Unsaturated fatty acid

Question 37

Considered unhealthy

Answer 37

Trans fats

Question 38

Heart healthy

Answer 38

Omega 3 fatty acids

Question 39

Glycerol and two fatty acids plus a phosphorus containing group. Head and tail regions have different properties: hydrophilic and hydrophobic Important and cell membrane structure

Answer 39

Phospholipids

Question 40

Starting material for synthesis of vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts Most important is cholesterol. Important in cell plasma membrane structure

Answer 40

Steroids

Question 41

Derived from a fatty acid found in cell membranes. Most important are prostaglandins Play a role in blood clotting, control of blood pressure, inflammation and contractions

Answer 41

Eicosanoids

Question 42

Have most varied functions of any molecules. Polymers of amino acid monomers held together by peptide bonds

Answer 42

Proteins

Question 43

All proteins are made from 20 types Joined by covalent bonds, called peptide bonds

Answer 43

Amino acids

Question 44

Cannot be made by the body must come from food.

Answer 44

Essential amino acids

Question 45

Produced by the body

Answer 45

Non-essential amino acid

Question 46

linear sequence of amino acids

Answer 46

Primary Structure

Question 47

Alpha helix: coils resemble a spring Beta pleated sheets resemble accordion ribbons

Answer 47

Secondary Structure

Question 48

R group interaction

Answer 48

Tertiary structure

Question 49

How 2 or more different polypeptides interact with each other

Answer 49

Quaternary Structure

Question 50

Strand like, water insoluble, and stable Mechanical support and tensile strength

Answer 50

Fibrous proteins

Question 51

Compact, spherical, water, soluble, and sensitive to environmental changes Specific functional regions (active sites)

Answer 51

Globular

Question 52

Which term describes what happens when an enzyme is exposed to to extreme temperatures or pH and no longer functions?

Answer 52

Denaturation

Question 53

Globular protein that act as a biological catalysts Catalyst regulate and increase speed of chemical reaction without getting used up in the process Lower the activation energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction Act on a very specific substrate Named usually end in -ase

Answer 53

Enzymes

Question 54

Most functional enzymes, consists of two parts: Apoenzyme (protein portion) Cofactor (Metal ion) or coenzyme

Answer 54

Holoenzymes

Question 55

What is the name for the monomer of nucleic acid molecules

Answer 55

Nucleotides

Question 56

Hold the genetic blueprint Located in cell nucleus Purines: adenine (A), guanine (G) Pyrimidines: Cytosine (C) and thymine (T)

Answer 56

DNA ( Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Question 57

Contains a ribose sugar Thymine is replaced with uracil

Answer 57

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Question 58

Adenosine Triphosphate Directly powers chemical reactions in cells

Answer 58

ATP