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Biology > Chapter 2 Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Chemistry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Matter

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

Element

A

a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions

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3
Q

Atom

A

the smallest unit of an element that can exist either alone or in combination

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4
Q

Neutron

A

the non-charged particle in the atoms nucleus

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5
Q

Proton

A

positively charged ions

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6
Q

Electron

A

negatively charged ions

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7
Q

Isotope

A

atoms with the same number of protons and different numbers of neutrons

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8
Q

Ion

A

an atom or group of atoms that has a + or - charge as a result of losing or gaining electrons

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9
Q

Ionic Bond

A

the formation of a chemical bond between ions of opposite charge

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10
Q

Covalent Bond

A

a bond formed between atoms as a result of sharing a pair of electrons

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11
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

the weak intermolecular attraction between a hydrogen atom of one molecular and a nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine atom of another molecule; especially significant in affecting the characteristics of water.

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12
Q

Molecule

A

the smallest possible unit of a substance that consists of 2 or more atoms

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13
Q

Compound

A

a substance composed of 2 or more elements chemically combined in definite proportions

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14
Q

Chemical Change

A

a change in which a substance loses its characteristics and changes into one or more new substances

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15
Q

Physical Change

A

alternating a substance in its state of matter and appearance without changing it into a new substance

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16
Q

Mixture

A

a material that contains 2 or more substances

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17
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work

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18
Q

kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion; may take the form of heat , light, electricity, etc.

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19
Q

potential energy

A

the energy that is stored until being released

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20
Q

entropy

A

a measure of unusable energy that escapes when energy is being converted from one form to another; an increase in disorder and degression

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21
Q

reactant

A

the starting substance of a chemical reaction

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22
Q

product

A

the physical result of a chemical reaction

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23
Q

activation energy

A

the initial energy necessary to start a chemical reaction

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24
Q

catalyst

A

a substance that affects the rate of a reaction but is not changed in the reaction

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25
Q

enzyme

A

a protein molecule that is produced by living cells to catalyze specific reactions

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26
Q

active site

A

the portion of an enzyme’s surface that is believed to band to a particular substrate during the action of an enzyme

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27
Q

substrate

A

the chemical or chemicals an enzyme will affect

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28
Q

solution

A

the uniform dissolving of one substance into another substance

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29
Q

solute

A

the dissolved substance in a solution

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30
Q

solvent

A

the substance (often a liquid) into which a solute is dissolved

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31
Q

concentration

A

an expression of the proportions of solute to solvent in a solution

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32
Q

diffusion

A

the random movement of atoms, ions, or molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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33
Q

equilibrium

A

a state of balance as is seen when diffusion has progressed to the point where there are no longer regions of higher and lower concentration

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34
Q

polar molecule

A

a molecule with charged poles (not balanced by symmetry)

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35
Q

cohesion

A

the force that holds molecules of the same substance together; characteristics that cause water to move up plant stem

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36
Q

adhesion

A

the force that holds molecules of different substances together

37
Q

concentration gradient

A

the difference between the numbers of molecules in one area and the number of the same molecules in an area nearby

38
Q

semipermeable membrane

A

a membrane that is permeable to certain molecules or ions but not to others

39
Q

acid

A

any substance that yields hydrogen ions when dissolved in water; a substance that neutralizes a base

40
Q

base

A

a substance that releases hydroxyl ions when dissolved in water; neutralizes an acid

41
Q

pH

A

the measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution using values from 0 to 14

42
Q

buffer

A

a dissolved substance that makes a solution resistant to a change in its pH (the concentration of hydrogen ions)

43
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane

44
Q

organic compound

A

those that contain carbon

45
Q

carbohydrate

A

an organic compound that contains only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

46
Q

monosaccharide

A

a simple sugar

47
Q

glucose

A

a common six-carbon simple sugar

48
Q

disaccharide

A

a sugar composed of two monosaccharide

49
Q

polysaccharide

A

a large, complex carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharides

50
Q

starch

A

a polysaccharide; often used for energy storage by plants

51
Q

glycogen

A

a polysaccharide; animal starch; branching chains of glucose molecules

52
Q

cellulose

A

chains of glucose molecules; found in plant cell walls

53
Q

lipid

A

an organic compound that is insoluble in water but soluble in certain organic solvent

54
Q

fatty acid

A

a common lipid composed of a chain of 14-18 carbon atoms with a carboxyl group on the end

55
Q

hydrophilic molecule

A

a molecule attracted to or having an affinity for water

56
Q

hydrophobic molecule

A

a molecule not having an affinity for water

57
Q

triglyceride

A

the body’s most abundant type of lipid; formed by combining three fatty acid molecules to a molecule of glycerol (glycerin), a 3-carbon alcohol

58
Q

saturated

A

describing a fatty acid molecule with only single bonds between carbon atoms

59
Q

unsaturated

A

a fatty-acid molecule in which some of the carbon atoms are double-bonded to each other

60
Q

steroid

A

a lipid composed of a carbon backbone of four carbon rings and a side chain of carbon atoms; many functions as hormones

61
Q

monomer

A

one of the repeating units within a polymer or macromolecule

62
Q

polymer

A

a macromolecule made up of a chain of a chain of monomers, sometimes identical

63
Q

protein

A

an organic compound that is composed of amino acids

64
Q

amino acid

A

the basic “building blocks” of a protein molecule

65
Q

polypeptide

A

a chain formed by many peptide bonds, as in formation of a protein by many amino acids being bonded by peptide bonds

66
Q

nucleic acid

A

an organic compound in living cells that is responsible for passing on hereditary information; DNA and RNA

67
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid; the nucleic acid that is located primarily in the nucleus; carrier of genetic information

68
Q

double helix

A

the shape of a DNA molecule, characterized by two parallel, spiral strands

69
Q

nucleotide

A

the basic components of a DNA or RNA molecule; each is made up of sugar, a phosphate, and a base

70
Q

replication

A

the process whereby a DNA molecule duplicates itself and forms a new DNA molecule

71
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid; the type of nucleic acid that forms from DNA and functions with ribosomes to form proteins molecules

72
Q

RNA polymerase

A

an enzyme that separates the DNA double helix to initiate transcription

73
Q

What is a carb made up of and how does it function?

A

organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

74
Q

Primary function of carbs

A
75
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A
76
Q

examples of disaccharides

A

sucrose

77
Q

examples of polysaccharides

A
78
Q

what substances make up lipids

A

Lipids are an essential component of the cell membrane. The structure is typically made of a glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), and a phosphate group (hydrophilic)

79
Q

what characteristics do lipids have

A
80
Q

what are the physical characteristics of unsaturated fats

A
81
Q

what are the physical characteristics of saturated fats

A

solid at room temp

82
Q

list several lipids

A
83
Q

What is the relationship b/w proteins and nucleic acids?

A
84
Q

What is the realationship b/w amino acids and proteins?

A

An amino acid is the fundamental molecule that serves as the building block for proteins. There are 20 different amino acids. A protein consists of one or more chains of amino acids (called polypeptides) whose sequence is encoded in a gene.

85
Q

What are the primary nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

86
Q

Describe the structure of the DNA model?

A

it is a double helix

87
Q

What is unique about replication of a DNA molecule?

A

This is why DNA replication is described as semi-conservative, half of the chain is part of the original DNA molecule, half is brand new.

88
Q

What is the structural difference b/w DNA and RNA?

A

DNA has a double helix and RNA is just a single strand

Biology (5 decks)

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