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Biology > Cellular Processes > Flashcards

Cellular Processes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

an organism that is able to make its own food (producer).

A

autotroph

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2
Q

an organism that depends on other organisms for food (consumer).

A

heterotroph

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3
Q

a compound that serves as temporary energy storage molecules in all cells.

A

ATP adenosine triphosphate

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4
Q

the molecule that is produced when ATP is split to yield energy.

A

ADP

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5
Q

the process whereby simple sugars are formed from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light and chlorophyll.

A

photosynthesis

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6
Q

the green pigment of plant cells that is necessary for photosynthesis, the main catalyst in photosynthesis.

A

chlorophyll

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7
Q

a light-absorbing molecule that function in photosynthesis.

A

pigment

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8
Q

the first phase of photosynthesis; requires light energy to energize electrons in pigments.

A

light-dependent phase

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9
Q

a series of aerobic reactions that release energy as they combine hydrogen and oxygen to form water.

A

electron transport chain

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10
Q

the most common pathway of photosynthesis; also called the carbon fixation cycle or light-independent phase.

A

Calvin cycle

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11
Q

material within the chloroplast that surrounds the grana of thylakoids.

A

stroma

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12
Q

an enzyme necessary for the conversion of phosphates and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

A

ATP synthase

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13
Q

a process whereby certain organisms obtain cellular energy from the breakdown of inorganic chemicals.

A

chemosynthesis

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14
Q

the breakdown of food (glucose) to release energy, including both aerobic and anaerobic occurs in the mitochondria

A

cellular respiration

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15
Q

not requiring oxygen.

A

anaerobic

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15
Q

requiring oxygen.

A

aerobic

16
Q

the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid during cellular respiration. does not require oxygen, occurs in the cytoplasm, then the produces gets transferred to the mitochondria

A

glycolysis

17
Q

the stage of aerobic cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid reacts with an enzyme that removes a carbon from the pyruvic acid to produce acetyl CoA, CO2, hydrogen ions, ATP, and electrons; also called the citric acid cycle.

A

Krebs cycle

18
Q

a two-carbon substance found in many cellular metabolism.

A

acetyl CoA (acetyl coenzyme A)

19
Q

the anaerobic breakdown of carbohydrates to pyruvic acid, and then to alcohol and carbon dioxide or lactic acid.

A

fermentation

20
Q

the sum of all reactions that occur in a living organism. controls how a cell behaves

A

metabolism

21
Q

group of three bases, form a code for a particular amino acid.

A

codon

22
Q

the RNA molecule that carries the code for a polypeptide chain from the DNA.

A

mRNA messenger RNA

23
Q

the RNA molecule that carries (transfers) a specific amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis.

A

transfer RNA tRNA

24
Q

the triplet of nucleotides on transfer RNA that will pair with the codon of the messenger RNA to line up amino acids during protein synthesis.

A

anticodon

25
Q

ribosomal RNA; the RNA molecule that combines with proteins to form a ribosome.

A

rRNA

26
Q

the process of manufacturing polypeptide chains of amino acids.

A

translation

27
Q

a section of RNA that is kept when forming messenger RNA.

A

exon

28
Q

a section of RNA that is cut out when forming messenger RNA.

A

intron

29
Q

the breakdown of substances within cells.

A

intracellular digestion

30
Q

the breakdown of substances that occurs in spaces outside the cells such as within the stomach or intestine.

A

extracellular digestion

31
Q

breaking down molecules to release energy

A

catabolism

32
Q

building molecules to store energy

A

anabolism

Biology (5 decks)

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