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Biology > Advanced Genetics > Flashcards

Advanced Genetics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the study of hereditary

A

genetics

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2
Q

a segment of DNA capable of producing a specific amino acid chain (polypeptide) resulting in a particular characteristic

A

gene

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3
Q

a strand of DNA entwined with proteins; usually found within the cell nucleus; come in pairs

A

chromosome

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4
Q

a protein that supports, protects, and helps maintain the tightly coiled structure of the DNA in a chromosome

A

histone

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5
Q

one of the two DNA duplicates that composed one chromosome (when the chromosome is not separated)

A

chromatid

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6
Q

the attachment point of two sister chromatids; also serves as the point of attachment of spindle fibers during mitosis

A

centromere

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7
Q

an illustration in which the chromosomes of a cell are arranged according to their size

A

karyotype

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8
Q

two chromosomes that have the same kinds of genes (alleles) in the same order

A

homologous chromosomes

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9
Q

one member of a homologous pair of chromosomes

A

homologue

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10
Q

having homologous pair of chromosomes; describes a cell that has homologs
2n=

A

diploid

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11
Q

having only one pair of each homologous pair of chromosomes; characteristics of gametes
n=

A

haploid

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12
Q

the diploid number of chromosomes in a human cell

A

23 pairs or 46

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13
Q

the repeating cycle of events in the life of a cell; composed of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

A

cell cycle

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14
Q

the period of time between cellular division

A

interphase

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15
Q

the duplicating and separating of a cells chromosomes

A

mitosis

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16
Q

the first phase of mitosis; centromeres migrate to poles in the cytoplasm and chromosomes develop from the chromatin material in the nucleus

A

prophase

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17
Q

special microtubules that will direct the movements of the chromosomes during mitosis

A

mitotic spindle

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18
Q

the second phase of mitosis; chromosomes congregate along the equatorial plane of cells

A

metaphase

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19
Q

the final phase of mitosis; chromosomes have reached opposite poles of the cell and two distinct nuclei form

A

telophase

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20
Q

the third phase of mitosis; paired chromatids separate and begin to migrate toward opposite poles of the cell

A

anaphase

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21
Q

the division of the cytoplasm in a dividing cell

A

cytokinesis

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22
Q

the precursor to the cell wall during cytokinesis in the cells

A

cell plate

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23
Q

the production of a new organism without the fusion of a sperm and an ovum; involves only mitotic cell division

A

asexual reproduction

24
Q

the first phase of the interphase
(cell growth)

A

G1 phase

25
Q

the second phase of the interphase
(DNA replication)

A

S phase

26
Q

the third phase of the interphase
(preparation for mitosis)

A

G2 phase

27
Q
A

centrosome

28
Q
A

centriole

29
Q
A

contractile ring

30
Q

a diploid cell that results from the union of two haploid cells
n + n = 2n

A

zygote

31
Q

the reduction of a cell’s chromosome number from diploid to haploid by two consecutive cell divisions

A

meiosis

32
Q
A

tetrad

33
Q

haploid cells that are formed during meiosis,

A

gamete

34
Q
A

fertilization

35
Q
A

sperm

36
Q
A

ovum

37
Q
A

spermatogenesis

38
Q
A

oogenesis

39
Q
A

sexual reproduction

40
Q
A

self-pollination

41
Q
A

cross-pollination

42
Q
A

dominant trait

43
Q
A

recessive trait

44
Q
A

phenotype

45
Q
A

genotype

46
Q
A

locus

47
Q
A

allele

48
Q
A

homozygous

49
Q
A

heterozygous

50
Q
A

monohybrid cross

51
Q
A

Punnett square

52
Q
A

test cross

53
Q
A

pedigree

54
Q
A

isogametes

55
Q
A

heterogametes

56
Q
A

Biology (5 decks)

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