Advanced Genetics Flashcards
the study of hereditary
genetics
a segment of DNA capable of producing a specific amino acid chain (polypeptide) resulting in a particular characteristic
gene
a strand of DNA entwined with proteins; usually found within the cell nucleus; come in pairs
chromosome
a protein that supports, protects, and helps maintain the tightly coiled structure of the DNA in a chromosome
histone
one of the two DNA duplicates that composed one chromosome (when the chromosome is not separated)
chromatid
the attachment point of two sister chromatids; also serves as the point of attachment of spindle fibers during mitosis
centromere
an illustration in which the chromosomes of a cell are arranged according to their size
karyotype
two chromosomes that have the same kinds of genes (alleles) in the same order
homologous chromosomes
one member of a homologous pair of chromosomes
homologue
having homologous pair of chromosomes; describes a cell that has homologs
2n=
diploid
having only one pair of each homologous pair of chromosomes; characteristics of gametes
n=
haploid
the diploid number of chromosomes in a human cell
23 pairs or 46
the repeating cycle of events in the life of a cell; composed of interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
cell cycle
the period of time between cellular division
interphase
the duplicating and separating of a cells chromosomes
mitosis
the first phase of mitosis; centromeres migrate to poles in the cytoplasm and chromosomes develop from the chromatin material in the nucleus
prophase
special microtubules that will direct the movements of the chromosomes during mitosis
mitotic spindle
the second phase of mitosis; chromosomes congregate along the equatorial plane of cells
metaphase
the final phase of mitosis; chromosomes have reached opposite poles of the cell and two distinct nuclei form
telophase
the third phase of mitosis; paired chromatids separate and begin to migrate toward opposite poles of the cell
anaphase
the division of the cytoplasm in a dividing cell
cytokinesis
the precursor to the cell wall during cytokinesis in the cells
cell plate
the production of a new organism without the fusion of a sperm and an ovum; involves only mitotic cell division
asexual reproduction
the first phase of the interphase
(cell growth)
G1 phase
the second phase of the interphase
(DNA replication)
S phase
the third phase of the interphase
(preparation for mitosis)
G2 phase
centrosome
centriole
contractile ring
a diploid cell that results from the union of two haploid cells
n + n = 2n
zygote
the reduction of a cell’s chromosome number from diploid to haploid by two consecutive cell divisions
meiosis
tetrad
haploid cells that are formed during meiosis,
gamete
fertilization
sperm
ovum
spermatogenesis
oogenesis
sexual reproduction
self-pollination
cross-pollination
dominant trait
recessive trait
phenotype
genotype
locus
allele
homozygous
heterozygous
monohybrid cross
Punnett square
test cross
pedigree
isogametes
heterogametes
