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BIO353 > Chapter 2 - Chemical Components of Cells and Macromolecules > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Chemical Components of Cells and Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

What is the importance of Carbon?

A

Backbone of biomolecules.

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2
Q

What is the importance of Water?

A

Solvent of living systems.

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3
Q

What is the importance of synthesis by polymerization of small molecules?

A

Many biomolecules are polymers.

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4
Q

Importance of self-assembly?

A

Spontaneous formation of structural organization.

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5
Q

Importance of energy?

A

Biosynthesis of macromolecular polymers requires the input of energy.

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6
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged

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7
Q

Neutrons

A

Electrically neutral

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8
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged

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9
Q

How do you determine the atomic number?

A

By the number of electrons or the number of protons in each atom.

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10
Q

How do you determine the atomic weight?

A

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons (2x number of protons)

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11
Q

What are the 4 atoms that constitute 96% of an organism’s weight?

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen.

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12
Q

What is the valence of the atom?

A

The number of covalent bonds the atom can form.

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13
Q

How would you determine the strength of a covalent bond?

A

Inversely proportional to the atomic weights of the bonding elements.

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14
Q

What accounts for the abundance of C, H, N, and O in biological systems, which contribute to the diversity and stability of biological compounds?

A

The valence and low atomic weights of C, H, N, and O.

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15
Q

Valence of C, O, H, and N respectively.

A

4,2,1,3.

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16
Q

Most biomolecules have a backbone of covalently linked _____ atoms.

A

Carbon.

17
Q

What other atoms does carbon bond with to form stable covalent bonds and to complete its octet?

A

C, O, H, N, and S.

18
Q

Stereoisomers.

A

When bonded to four different atoms or groups.

19
Q

What two ideas of carbon allow carbon to form a diversity of stable carbon containing molecules?

A

Tetravalence (the stable association with itself and other atoms) and its tetrahedral stereoisomeric nature.

20
Q

What is the universal solvent in biological systems?

A

Water

21
Q

What is the most abundant component of cells?

A

Water (75 to 85% by weight).

22
Q

The polarity of water give rise to which two unique properties?

A

1) H-bonds lead to cohesion (forming).

2) Temperature stabilizing capacity (high heat capacity) - protect the cells from temperature fluctuations.

23
Q

Water is an excellent solvent for which types of substances, and why?

A

Hydrophilic, because of its polar bonds.

24
Q

Ionic substances (NaCl) dissolve in water because?

A

Water molecules are attracted to the positive sodium atom or negative charge of the chlorine atom of each ion.

25
Q

Polar substances (urea) dissolve in water because?

A

Their molecules form hydrogen bonds with the surrounding water molecules.

26
Q

Hydrophobic Interactions

A

Substances that contain a preponderance of nonpolar bonds which are usually insoluble in water.

27
Q

Hydrocarbons are especially _____.

A

Hydrophobic.

28
Q

Functional groups provide _____ and _____.

A

1) chemical reactivity

2) Water solubility

29
Q

What are the building blocks of the cell?

A

Sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, and nucleotides.

30
Q

The biochemical basis of cell biology is understood through the function of what?

A

Macromolecules.

31
Q

What is the Principle of Self Assembly?

A

The information required to specify the folding of macromolecules and their interactions to form a more complicated structure with specific biological functions.

32
Q

The principle of self assembly requires _____.

A

No need for further information or energy input.

33
Q

What holds mature macromolecules together?

A

Noncovalent and covalent interactions.

34
Q

Each macromolecule is a _____ formed from _____ linked together by _____.

A

1) polymer
2) small molecules
3) covalent bonds.

35
Q

What determines the preferred conformation of a polymer chain?

A

Linear sequence of monomers.

36
Q

Synthesis of polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids require what?

A

The input of energy.

BIO353 (8 decks)

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