Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO353 > Chapter 15 - Intracellular Compartments > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Intracellular Compartments Flashcards

1
Q

How do cells carry out multiple reactions concurrently that are mutually incompatible?

A

Require isolated environments for incompatible reactions. Recall, membranes are good selectively permeable barriers in providing these environments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Eukaryotic cells are able to compartmentalize cellular functions within what?

A

Organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do organelles do?

A

1) Enhance local concentration of reactants and enzymes - allowing chemicals to be concentrated and chemical reactions to proceed more efficiently.
2) Provide isolated environments.
3) Enable specialized but mutually incompatible processes to occur simultaneously without interfering with each other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Each organelle contains a unique set of ___ and ___ molecules and carry out ___ functions.

A

large, small, specialized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cytosol

A

Contains many metabolic pathways, protein synthesis, and the cytoskeleton.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains main genome; DNA and RNA synthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Synthesis of most lipids; synthesis of proteins for distribution to many organelles and to the plasma membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lysosomes

A

Intracellular degradation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Endosomes

A

Sorting of endocytosed material.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mitochondria

A

ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Chloroplasts (in plant cells)

A

ATP synthesis and carbon fixation by photosynthesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Oxidation of toxic molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which organelle houses and protects genetic information?

A

Nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(T/F) The nucleus contains main genome and is the site of DNA and RNA synthesis.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Does the nucleus have a double membrane?

A

Yes, in the form of a nuclear envelope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In a nucleus, the ___ membrane is continuous with the ___.

A

outer, ER membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The nucleus ___ with the ___ via nuclear pores embedded in the envelope.

A

communicates, cytosol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How many kinds of endoplasmic reticular exist?

A

Two, rough and smooth ER.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Rough ER

A

Characterized by ribosomes attached to the cytosolic side (outer surface) of the membrane and usually forms large flattened sheets.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Smooth ER

A

ER without ribosomes attached and generally forms tubular structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ribosomes

A

a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Microsomes

A

Broken fragments of ER that spontaneously form sealed vesicles upon homogenization of cells/tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The rough ER is involved in the ___ and ___ of proteins.

A

Biosynthesis, processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the rough ER responsible for?

A

Synthesizing both membrane-bound and soluble proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The rough ER is the site for the initial steps of ___.

A

protein glycosylation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Protein Glycosylation

A

Site of addition of preassembled carbohydrate trees to lumenal and transmembrane proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

(T/F) The rough ER is the site of folding of polypeptides?

A

True

28
Q

The rough ER is the site for the assembling of which type of proteins?

A

Multimeric proteins.

29
Q

What is the importance of the smooth ER?

A

It plays a central role in:

1) Biosynthesis
2) Lipids
3) Detoxification
4) Calcium Storage

30
Q

The smooth ERis the ___ source of ___ lipids (e.g. phospholipids and cholesterol).

A

Primary, membrane.

31
Q

For the smooth ER, lipid biosynthesis occurs only to the ___ (cytosolic face) of the ER.

A

outer monolayer

32
Q

What is the membrane flow and the endomembrane system?

A

A flow that travels from the endoplasmic reticulum, to the golgi complex, to the endosomes, to the lysosomes, and finally the peroxisomes.

33
Q

The Golgi Complex consists of what type of sacs? What are they called?

A

A stack of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs called cisternae.

34
Q

What is the use of the Golgi complex?

A

The sorting and packaging center of proteins destined for endomembrane compartments and for secretion.

35
Q

Further processing of protein ___ - finishing the job started at ER

A

glycosylation

36
Q

Lysosome

A

An organelle containing digestive enzymes capable of degrading all the major classes of biological macromolecules.

37
Q

What type of membrane do lysosomes have?

A

Single membrane

38
Q

What type of environment does the lysosome have?

A

Acidic enviornment

39
Q

What maintains the acidic environment of the lysosome?

A

ATP-H+ pump

40
Q

What are the enzymes lysosomes use?

A

Nucleases, proteases, glycosidases, lipases, phosphatases, sulfatases, and phospholipids.

41
Q

Where do lysosomes develop?

A

From endosomes

42
Q

The lysosome is the ___ center of the cell: controlled intracellular __ of both ___ materials and ___ out organelles.

A

Recycling, digestion, extracellular, worn.

43
Q

What happens if a lysosome leaks out?

A

A chain reaction of destruction occurs which causes digestion of the whole cell.

44
Q

The lysosome is analogous to a what?

A

Atomic bomb, made with fail safes to prevent accidental explosion while being made.

45
Q

What are additional fail safes for lysosomes?

A

1) Must be taken to pH 2 before they become active at pH 7.

2) Synthesized in Zymogen form

46
Q

Lysosome membrane proteins facing the lumen are highly what?

A

Glycosylated.

47
Q

The Mitochondria is referred to as what?

A

The cell’s power plant.

48
Q

How many membranes encase the mitochondria?

A

2, outer membrane, and innter membrane (called the Cristae).

49
Q

Do mitochondria have a matrix?

A

Yes

50
Q

Are mitochondria part of the endomembrane system?

A

No

51
Q

(T/F) The mitochondria generates the majority of the energy a cell uses to carry out its functions.

A

True

52
Q

The chloroplast is referred to as what?

A

The site of photosynthesis.

53
Q

How many membranes encase the chloroplast?

A

2, outter and innter membrane.

54
Q

Stroma

A

Fluid inside the inner membrane of the chloroplast.

55
Q

What are the stacks inside the third membrane called?

A

Thylakoids

56
Q

What are a stack of thylakoid sacs?

A

Granum

57
Q

___ is the fluid inside the thylakoid.

A

Lumen

58
Q

What are similarities between mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

Inner and outer membranes, DNA, and ribosomes.

59
Q

What are differences between mitochondria and chloroplasts?

A

Mitochondria has a matrix which is comparable to the stroma in chloroplasts. Chloroplasts have thylakoid membranes while mitochondrion do not.

60
Q

How did Eukaryotic cells originate?

A

Maybe in two ways:

1) The endomembrane system and cell nucleus may have originated from the inward folds of plasma membrane of prokaryotes.
2) Mitochondria and chloroplast may have evolved from bacteria that were ingulfed by pre-eukaryotic cells, also known as the endosymbiotic origin.

61
Q

Nuclear membranes and ER have evolved via ___ of the plasmid membrane.

A

Invagination.

62
Q

What is supporting evidences to the theory that nuclear membranes and ER may have evolved via invagination of the plasmid membrane.

A

1) In bacteria, the DNA molecule is typically attached to the plasma membrane.
2) The nuclear envelope has a double membrane.
3) the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is connected to the ER membrane.
4) The space between the inner and outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the ER lumen.
5) The interiors of endomembrane systems are treated by the cell as extracellular.

63
Q

What is supporting evidence to the theory of Aerobic bacteria or photosynthetic bacteria engulfed by larger pre-eukaryotic cells initially lived in symbiosis and later became organelles.

A

1) They have their own genomes - used to be independent organisms.
2) Genes in their genomes are homologous to those of bacteria.
3) These organelles have double membrane surrounding them.
4) They are not interconnected with the endomembrane system and do not participate in the vesicular traffic of the endomembrane system.
5) Endocytosis is still happening.

64
Q

What are living examples of endosymbiosis?

A

The discovery of a single-celled eukaryote, Hatena, that ingests a green alga, Nephroselmis.

The green alga lost most of its structures and acts as a chloroplast.

65
Q

How do you identify a specific organelle or its fragment vesicles?

A

By assaying their unique enzymes - we call them Marker Enzymes.

66
Q

How do you identify an unknown protein and study the function of this protein after identification?

A

By identifying its localization in a specific organelle.

BIO353 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions