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Pathophysiology I > Chapter 2: Cellular Responses to Stress, Injury, and Aging > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Cellular Responses to Stress, Injury, and Aging Flashcards

1
Q

Describe what polycythemia is.

A

Elevated RBC levels

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2
Q

Describe what anemia is.

A

low RBC levels

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3
Q

What might elevated WBC count be a sign of?

A

infection, inflammation, malignancy

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4
Q

What is lowered WBC counts a sign of?

A

immunodeficiency

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5
Q

What is it called when you have higher platelet/coagulation factors? What about lower?

A

Hypercoagulable state

Hypocoagulable state

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6
Q

Describe cell atrophy.

A

cells shrink in size and decrease the number of organelle to maintain a more efficient level of functioning for survival.

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7
Q

What are some general causes of cell atrophy?

A

1) disuse
2) denervation
3) loss of endocrine stimulation
4) inadequate nutrition/hydration
5) ischemia or decreased blood flow

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8
Q

Describe cell hypertrophy

A

enlargement of cells (growth) and their organelle increasing function

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9
Q

Describe cell hyperplasia

A

increase in the number of cells

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10
Q

Describe cell metaplasia

A

one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

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11
Q

Describe dysplasia

A

deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization

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12
Q

list the causes of hypertrophy

A

two categories:

Physiologic: exercise

Non-physiologic:

  • adaptive
  • compensatory (losing a kidney enlarges other)
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13
Q

list the causes of hyperplasia.

A

PHYSIOLOGIC:

  • hormonal (pregnancy)
  • compensatory

NON-PHYSIOLOGIC:
- excessive hormonal stim or growth factors

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14
Q

List the causes of metaplasia.

A

chronic irritation

chronic inflammation

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15
Q

List the causes of dysplasia

A

chronic irritation
chronic inflammation
precursor of cancer

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16
Q

What are the three classifications that make up intracellular accumulations?

A

1) Normal body substances
2) Abnormal endogenous products (abnormal body substances)
3) Exogenous products

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17
Q

Give some examples of normal body substances that may accumulate intracellularly.

A

CHO, proteins, lipids, bilirubin, melanin that are present in abnormal amountts

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18
Q

Explain how abnormal endogenous can accumulate intracellularly

A

usually a result of genetic disorders that result in over or under production of enzymes leading to accumulation of products.

ex. alter the enzyme that converts glycogen to glucose and you can have abnormal glycogen levels

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19
Q

Give a few examples of exogenous products that can accumulate intracellularly.

A

tattoo pigments, lead, coal dust.

20
Q

What are the five categories of how cells can be injured.

A

1) Physical agents
2) Radiation
3) Chemical injury
4) Biologic agents
5) Nutritional imbalance

21
Q

What are the three types of causes of physical agents?

A

1) Mechanical Forces
2) Temperature extremes
3) Electrical forces

22
Q

How does radiation cause cell injury?

A

It interferes with DNA synthesis and mitosis

23
Q

What are the three types of radiation that can cause cell damage? Describe each

A

IONIZING: causes ionization of molecules/atoms by directly hitting or by producing free radicals.
ex. Ca treatment, occupational, accidental exposure

ULTRAVIOLET: just above visible range (causes sunburn)

NONIONIZING: just below visible range.
- dmg caused by vibration and rotation of atoms/molecules resulting in thermal E (microwave)

24
Q

What are three types of chemicals that can cause cell injury?

A

DRUGS: alcohol, prescriptions, OTC

LEAD: paint, dust, soil, pottery, glazes, cosmetics

MERCURY: fish, amalgams, vaccines

25
Q

What are the two ways lead can be absorbed?

A

through the GI tract or lungs

26
Q

Who is most susceptible to lead exposure?

A

children

27
Q

What does lead do to the body?

A

it interferes with enzymes necessary for hemoglobin production

dmgs nerves and neurotransmitters

28
Q

What are the four symptoms of lead poisoning?

A

Anemia
Fatigue
Abd pain
Mentation changes

29
Q

What are the three biological categories that can cause cell injury?

A

Viruses, Bacteria, Parasites

30
Q

What are the two ways that cell injury can be caused by nutritional imbalances?

A

1) Dietary deficiency

2) Dietary excess

31
Q

What are the three common mechanisms of cell damage?

A

1) free radical formation
2) hypoxia and ATP depletion
3) increased intracellular calcium

32
Q

Explain the free radical mechanism of cell injury.

A

a free radical is a molecule/atom with an unpaired electron in outer orbit resulting in high reactivity.

can: damage cell membranes, inactivate enzymes, damage nucleic acids in DNA

33
Q

What inhibits free radicals?

A

antioxidants

34
Q

Describe the mechanism of hypoxic cell injury.

A

Interrupts metabolism and generation of ATP causing damage in 4-6 mins

Cell has no E resulting in

  • aerobic metabolisms to cease
  • cells reverting to anaerobic metabolism using glycogen
  • lactic acid accumulation and pH drop

also alters na/k pump causing influx of Na and H20 resulting in swelling (edema) and dec mitochondrion function

35
Q

What are some causes of hypoxic cell injury?

A

atmospheric dec of O2, resp disease, v/c, anemia, edma

36
Q

Explain the impaired Ca2+ homeostasis mechanism of cell injury.

A

Intracellular Ca2+ is normally low

when it is released into cell:

  • acts as a 2nd messenger
  • turns on intracellular enzymes which can do dmg
  • open more Ca2+ gates causing a calcium cascade
37
Q

What are the two types of reversible cell injury?

A

CELLULAR EDEMA:
usually caused by hypoxic dmg. reversible when ATP pump reactivated

FAT ACCUMULATIONS:
usually r/t disease process. partially reversible in most cases

38
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

a process of programmed cell death used to remove/replace cells

39
Q

What is Necrosis?

A

it is unregulated and abnormal cell death and degradation.

Cells may undergo:
liquefaction
coagulation
infarction (necrosis)

40
Q

What often accompanies necrosis?

A

inflammation and swelling because of release of cell contents

41
Q

What is gangrene?

A

term used when considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis

42
Q

What are the three types of gangrene?

A

DRY
WET
GAS (clostridium)

43
Q

Describe what usually causes dry gangrene and what it would look like

A

interference with arterial blood supply

results in wrinkled, brown/black area

44
Q

Describe what usually causes wet gangrene and what it would look like

A

interference with venous outflow

results in moist, cold, swollen, odorous areas

45
Q

Describe what causes gas (clostridium) gangrene and what it might look like.

A

Trauma, fractures, with debris.

bacteria produce toxins.

hydrogen sulfide gas bubbles develop in muscle (awful smell)

toxins hemolyze blood cells dmging muscle, block kidney tubules, etc

46
Q

What are the two theories about cellular aging?

A

programmed into cells:
telomeres become too short and cell can’t divide

Result of accumulated dmg?
older cells have more free radicals therefore more dmg
lose ability to repair telomeres

Pathophysiology I (16 decks)

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