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Pathophysiology I > Chapter 2: Cellular Responses to Stress, Injury, and Aging > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Cellular Responses to Stress, Injury, and Aging Flashcards

1
Q

Describe what polycythemia is.

A

Elevated RBC levels

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2
Q

Describe what anemia is.

A

low RBC levels

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3
Q

What might elevated WBC count be a sign of?

A

infection, inflammation, malignancy

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4
Q

What is lowered WBC counts a sign of?

A

immunodeficiency

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5
Q

What is it called when you have higher platelet/coagulation factors? What about lower?

A

Hypercoagulable state

Hypocoagulable state

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6
Q

Describe cell atrophy.

A

cells shrink in size and decrease the number of organelle to maintain a more efficient level of functioning for survival.

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7
Q

What are some general causes of cell atrophy?

A

1) disuse
2) denervation
3) loss of endocrine stimulation
4) inadequate nutrition/hydration
5) ischemia or decreased blood flow

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8
Q

Describe cell hypertrophy

A

enlargement of cells (growth) and their organelle increasing function

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9
Q

Describe cell hyperplasia

A

increase in the number of cells

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10
Q

Describe cell metaplasia

A

one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

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11
Q

Describe dysplasia

A

deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization

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12
Q

list the causes of hypertrophy

A

two categories:

Physiologic: exercise

Non-physiologic:

  • adaptive
  • compensatory (losing a kidney enlarges other)
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13
Q

list the causes of hyperplasia.

A

PHYSIOLOGIC:

  • hormonal (pregnancy)
  • compensatory

NON-PHYSIOLOGIC:
- excessive hormonal stim or growth factors

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14
Q

List the causes of metaplasia.

A

chronic irritation

chronic inflammation

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15
Q

List the causes of dysplasia

A

chronic irritation
chronic inflammation
precursor of cancer

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16
Q

What are the three classifications that make up intracellular accumulations?

A

1) Normal body substances
2) Abnormal endogenous products (abnormal body substances)
3) Exogenous products

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17
Q

Give some examples of normal body substances that may accumulate intracellularly.

A

CHO, proteins, lipids, bilirubin, melanin that are present in abnormal amountts

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18
Q

Explain how abnormal endogenous can accumulate intracellularly

A

usually a result of genetic disorders that result in over or under production of enzymes leading to accumulation of products.

ex. alter the enzyme that converts glycogen to glucose and you can have abnormal glycogen levels

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19
Q

Give a few examples of exogenous products that can accumulate intracellularly.

A

tattoo pigments, lead, coal dust.

20
Q

What are the five categories of how cells can be injured.

A

1) Physical agents
2) Radiation
3) Chemical injury
4) Biologic agents
5) Nutritional imbalance

21
Q

What are the three types of causes of physical agents?

A

1) Mechanical Forces
2) Temperature extremes
3) Electrical forces

22
Q

How does radiation cause cell injury?

A

It interferes with DNA synthesis and mitosis

23
Q

What are the three types of radiation that can cause cell damage? Describe each

A

IONIZING: causes ionization of molecules/atoms by directly hitting or by producing free radicals.
ex. Ca treatment, occupational, accidental exposure

ULTRAVIOLET: just above visible range (causes sunburn)

NONIONIZING: just below visible range.
- dmg caused by vibration and rotation of atoms/molecules resulting in thermal E (microwave)

24
Q

What are three types of chemicals that can cause cell injury?

A

DRUGS: alcohol, prescriptions, OTC

LEAD: paint, dust, soil, pottery, glazes, cosmetics

MERCURY: fish, amalgams, vaccines

25
What are the two ways lead can be absorbed?
through the GI tract or lungs
26
Who is most susceptible to lead exposure?
children
27
What does lead do to the body?
it interferes with enzymes necessary for hemoglobin production dmgs nerves and neurotransmitters
28
What are the four symptoms of lead poisoning?
Anemia Fatigue Abd pain Mentation changes
29
What are the three biological categories that can cause cell injury?
Viruses, Bacteria, Parasites
30
What are the two ways that cell injury can be caused by nutritional imbalances?
1) Dietary deficiency | 2) Dietary excess
31
What are the three common mechanisms of cell damage?
1) free radical formation 2) hypoxia and ATP depletion 3) increased intracellular calcium
32
Explain the free radical mechanism of cell injury.
a free radical is a molecule/atom with an unpaired electron in outer orbit resulting in high reactivity. can: damage cell membranes, inactivate enzymes, damage nucleic acids in DNA
33
What inhibits free radicals?
antioxidants
34
Describe the mechanism of hypoxic cell injury.
Interrupts metabolism and generation of ATP causing damage in 4-6 mins Cell has no E resulting in - aerobic metabolisms to cease - cells reverting to anaerobic metabolism using glycogen - lactic acid accumulation and pH drop also alters na/k pump causing influx of Na and H20 resulting in swelling (edema) and dec mitochondrion function
35
What are some causes of hypoxic cell injury?
atmospheric dec of O2, resp disease, v/c, anemia, edma
36
Explain the impaired Ca2+ homeostasis mechanism of cell injury.
Intracellular Ca2+ is normally low when it is released into cell: - acts as a 2nd messenger - turns on intracellular enzymes which can do dmg - open more Ca2+ gates causing a calcium cascade
37
What are the two types of reversible cell injury?
CELLULAR EDEMA: usually caused by hypoxic dmg. reversible when ATP pump reactivated FAT ACCUMULATIONS: usually r/t disease process. partially reversible in most cases
38
What is apoptosis?
a process of programmed cell death used to remove/replace cells
39
What is Necrosis?
it is unregulated and abnormal cell death and degradation. Cells may undergo: liquefaction coagulation infarction (necrosis)
40
What often accompanies necrosis?
inflammation and swelling because of release of cell contents
41
What is gangrene?
term used when considerable mass of tissue undergoes necrosis
42
What are the three types of gangrene?
DRY WET GAS (clostridium)
43
Describe what usually causes dry gangrene and what it would look like
interference with arterial blood supply results in wrinkled, brown/black area
44
Describe what usually causes wet gangrene and what it would look like
interference with venous outflow results in moist, cold, swollen, odorous areas
45
Describe what causes gas (clostridium) gangrene and what it might look like.
Trauma, fractures, with debris. bacteria produce toxins. hydrogen sulfide gas bubbles develop in muscle (awful smell) toxins hemolyze blood cells dmging muscle, block kidney tubules, etc
46
What are the two theories about cellular aging?
programmed into cells: telomeres become too short and cell can't divide Result of accumulated dmg? older cells have more free radicals therefore more dmg lose ability to repair telomeres

Pathophysiology I (16 decks)

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