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Pathophysiology I > Chapter 13: Disorders of Red Blood Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Disorders of Red Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three ways you can have anemia?

A

Blood loss

Hemolysis

Deficient RBC production

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2
Q

What does normocytic mean?

A

it is a RBC that has normal shape

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3
Q

What does macrocytic mean? microcytic?

A

it is a rbc that has a bigger shape

micro is smaller

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4
Q

What does normochromic mean?

A

a rbc that has normal coloration

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5
Q

What do the RBCs look like in iron def anemia?

A

microcytic

hypochromic

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6
Q

What do the RBCs look like in megaloblastic anemia?

A

macrocytic

normochromic

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7
Q

What do the RBCs look like in sickle cell anemia?

A

hypochromic

with funny shapes

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8
Q

What are two possible causes of deficient production of RBCs?

A

bone marrow failure/depression

malnutrition

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9
Q

Describe the symptoms of rapid blood loss.

A

symptoms initially d/t loss of intravascular volume

CNS: fatigue, altered mentation
RESP: tachypnea, SOB: dyspnea
CVS: tachycardia, bp changes, angina
GU: dec output
SKIN: pale, cool, v/c, cyanosis
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10
Q

If rapid bleeding is controlled and iron stores are available, how long does it take for the body to replenish RBC count?

A

34 weeks

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11
Q

What are 2 disorders that can cause chronic blood loss?

A

GI bleeding

menstrual disorders

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12
Q

What does chronic blood loss lead to?

A

Iron deficiency anemia when the iron stores run out

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13
Q

Describe hemolytic anemia.

A

it is premature destruction, retention of iron, and compensatory inc in erythopoiesis

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14
Q

What are 2 hereditary diseases that cause hemolytic anemia?

A

sickle cell disease

thalassemia

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15
Q

What types of external factors can cause hemolytic anemia?

A

infection/toxins

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16
Q

what type of conditions can cause an attack (infarction) for sickle cell anemia?

A 
cold
stress
physical exertion
infection
illnesses causing hypoxia
dehydration
acidosis
17
Q

What is the sign of blood vessel occlusion in sickle cell anemia? What impact do these occlusions have on the spleen?

A

acute pain

can cause spleen sequestering crisis: clogs up spleen and can be fatal overload that usually results in infection/blockage

18
Q

at what age does treatment for sickle cell anemia start?

A

at 2 months

19
Q

Describe the 7 treatment options for sickle cell

A

PENICILLIN: prophylactic

IMMUNIZATION

HYDROXUREA

FOLIC ACID

DIALYSIS/KIDNEY XPLANT

ANALGESIA

BONE MARROW/STEM XPLANT

20
Q

What is the treatment hydroxurea?

A

it is a chemotherapy that suppresses the bone marrow and makes sickle cells more flexible

21
Q

Describe what thalassemia is.

A

it is an inherited gene mutation impairing hgb synthesis resulting in rbc weakening/hemolysis

22
Q

What are the two types of thalassemia? in which populations are they more common?

A

Alpha thalassemia: asia, Africa

Beta thalassemia: Mediterranean, africa

23
Q

Describe the manifestations of thalassemiaen

A

bone marrow hyperplasia

bone deformities

splenomegaly

hepatomegaly

iron deposits

24
Q

What are some things that can cause iron deficiency anemia?

A

blood loss
dietary def
inc demands

25
Q

What are the symptoms of iron def anemia?

A

hypoxia symptoms

Pica: abnormal or unnatural cravings (may be towards high iron content)

26
Q

Describe megaloblastic anemia

A

it is def of vit b12 or folic acid that impair DNA synthesis and RBC maturation

results in large cells

27
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

a type of megaloblastic

gastritis dmgs gut wall so vit b12 cannot be absorbed

28
Q

What is aplastic anemia? List some symptoms

A

a result of bone marrow suppression, radiation, chems, toxins, chemo, viruses

can have a slow or abrupt onset

wkness, fatigue, petechiae, bleeding

29
Q

What are two chronic illnesses that can cause anemia?

A

AIDS

chronic hepatic failure

30
Q

What are the two types of polycythemia vera?

A

Primary

secondary

31
Q

Describe primary polycythemia vera

A

(a myeloproliferative disorder)

neoplastic disease of the bone marrow

over production of rbc, wbc, platelets

more common in elderly men

32
Q

Describe secondary polycythemia vera

A

It is caused by an increase in erythropoietin as a result of hypoxia

can be high alts, CHD, COPD, smoking,

could also be neoplasms causing inc erythrocytes

33
Q

Describe the manifestations of polycythemia vera

A

(result of inc viscosity)
HTN, thromboembolism

asymptomatic

pruritis, pain, disocoloration of hands or feet

night sweats, wt loss

gout

34
Q

Describe the treatment of polycythemia vera

A

phlebotomy

ASA

hydroxyurea

tx of underlying disease

Pathophysiology I (16 decks)

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