Chapter 13: Disorders of Red Blood Cells Flashcards
What are the three ways you can have anemia?
Blood loss
Hemolysis
Deficient RBC production
What does normocytic mean?
it is a RBC that has normal shape
What does macrocytic mean? microcytic?
it is a rbc that has a bigger shape
micro is smaller
What does normochromic mean?
a rbc that has normal coloration
What do the RBCs look like in iron def anemia?
microcytic
hypochromic
What do the RBCs look like in megaloblastic anemia?
macrocytic
normochromic
What do the RBCs look like in sickle cell anemia?
hypochromic
with funny shapes
What are two possible causes of deficient production of RBCs?
bone marrow failure/depression
malnutrition
Describe the symptoms of rapid blood loss.
symptoms initially d/t loss of intravascular volume
CNS: fatigue, altered mentation RESP: tachypnea, SOB: dyspnea CVS: tachycardia, bp changes, angina GU: dec output SKIN: pale, cool, v/c, cyanosis
If rapid bleeding is controlled and iron stores are available, how long does it take for the body to replenish RBC count?
34 weeks
What are 2 disorders that can cause chronic blood loss?
GI bleeding
menstrual disorders
What does chronic blood loss lead to?
Iron deficiency anemia when the iron stores run out
Describe hemolytic anemia.
it is premature destruction, retention of iron, and compensatory inc in erythopoiesis
What are 2 hereditary diseases that cause hemolytic anemia?
sickle cell disease
thalassemia
What types of external factors can cause hemolytic anemia?
infection/toxins
what type of conditions can cause an attack (infarction) for sickle cell anemia?
cold stress physical exertion infection illnesses causing hypoxia dehydration acidosis
What is the sign of blood vessel occlusion in sickle cell anemia? What impact do these occlusions have on the spleen?
acute pain
can cause spleen sequestering crisis: clogs up spleen and can be fatal overload that usually results in infection/blockage
at what age does treatment for sickle cell anemia start?
at 2 months
Describe the 7 treatment options for sickle cell
PENICILLIN: prophylactic
IMMUNIZATION
HYDROXUREA
FOLIC ACID
DIALYSIS/KIDNEY XPLANT
ANALGESIA
BONE MARROW/STEM XPLANT
What is the treatment hydroxurea?
it is a chemotherapy that suppresses the bone marrow and makes sickle cells more flexible
Describe what thalassemia is.
it is an inherited gene mutation impairing hgb synthesis resulting in rbc weakening/hemolysis
What are the two types of thalassemia? in which populations are they more common?
Alpha thalassemia: asia, Africa
Beta thalassemia: Mediterranean, africa
Describe the manifestations of thalassemiaen
bone marrow hyperplasia
bone deformities
splenomegaly
hepatomegaly
iron deposits
What are some things that can cause iron deficiency anemia?
blood loss
dietary def
inc demands
