Chapter 2: Cells, Body Cavities, Divisions of the Spine, & Body Planes Flashcards
Cell
fundamental; smallest living unit; everywhere in the human body (tissue, organ, etc.)
What do all cells contain?
a gelatinous substance composed of water, protein, sugar, acids, fats, and other various minerals
Ribosomes
small granules that help the cell make proteins
Cell Membrane
surrounds and protects the cell; regulates what passes in and out of the cell
Nucleus
controls the operation of the cell; directs cell division and determines the structure and function of the cell
Chromosome
rod like structures within the nucleus
T or F | All human body cells (except sex cells, the egg and sperm) contain 23 pairs (46) of chromosomes.
True
T or F | Each sperm and egg cell have only 23 individual unpaired chromosomes.
True
T or F | After an egg and some cell unite to form the embryo, each cell of the embryo then has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).
True
Chromosomes contain regions called what?
genes
How many genes are in an orderly sequence on every chromosome?
several thousand
Genes contain a chemical called what?
DNA
DNA
directs the activities of the cell such as cell division and synthesis of proteins; regulates the activities of the cell according to its sequence (arrangement into genes) on each chromosome
Karyotype
a photograph of an individual’s chromosomes arranged by size, shape, and number
What is the 23rd chromosome pair in males?
XY
What is the 23rd chromosome pair in females?
XX
Cyt/o
cell
-plasm
formation
Cytoplasm
all of the material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus; carries on the work of the cell; contains a specialized apparatus to supply the chemical needs of the cell
Mitochondria
provide the principal source of energy for the cell; use nutrients and oxygen to release energy that is stored in food; tied to catabolism
Endoplasmic Reticulum
a network (reticulum) of canals within the cell; manufactures proteins for the cells
Ribosome
attached to the endoplasmic reticulum; build long chains of protein
What are some examples of important proteins for cell growth?
-hormones -enzymes
What two processes makes up metabolism?
anabolism and catabolism
Anabolism
process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids (Ana means up; bol means to cast; ism means process)
Catabolism
process where complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released (cata means down; bol means to cast; ism means process)
Cell Membrane
structure surrounding and protecting a cell; determines what enters and leaves
Gene
regions of DNA within each chromosome
What secretes a hormone that stimulates metabolism in cells?
the thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone (thyroxine or T4)
Androgen
male hormones
Anabolic Steroids
drugs similar to androgens (male hormones) in their effects on the body; build up protein within cells
Tissue
a group of similar cells working together to do a specific job
Histologist
specialist who studies tissues
Viscera (singular: viscus)
internal organs
What’s the order from smallest to largest?
cell - tissues - organs - systems
Musculoskeletal
muscles, bones, joints
Skin Organs
skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands
Sense Organs
eye, ear, nose, and tongue
Cartilage
flexible connective tissues often attached to bones at joints
Pleural Cavity
space surrounding each lung
Peritoneum
the membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity
Pelvic
portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters; uterus and vagina in the female
Spinal
nerves of the spinal cord
Spinal Disc
a pad of cartilage that acts as a cushion between each backbone of the spinal column
Ascites
a collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity in the event of inflammation or disease
Pleural Effusion
a collection of fluid in the pleural cavity in the event of inflammation or disease
What’s the difference between the spinal column and spinal cord?
Spinal Column
- backbones; vertebrae; bone tissue
Spinal Cord
- nerves surrounded by the column; nervous tissue
Herniated Disc (Slipped Disc)
when a spinal disc moves out of place and puts pressure on a nerve causing pain
How are the spaces between vertebrae identified?
according to the two vertebrae between which they occur
RUQ (Abdominopelvic Region)
right upper quadrant
LUQ (Abdominopelvic Region)
left upper quadrant
RLQ (Abdominopelvic Region)
right lower quadrant
LLQ (Abdominopelvic Region)
left lower quadrant
Hypochondriac (Abdominopelvic Region)
right and left upper regions beneath the ribs
Epigastric (Abdominopelvic Region)
middle upper region above the stomach
Lumbar (Abdominopelvic Region)
right and left middle regions near the waist
Umbilical (Abdominopelvic Region)
central region near the navel
Inguinal (Abdominopelvic Region)
right and left lower regions near the groin; also called iliac region
Hypogastric (Abdominopelvic Region)
middle lower region below the umbilical region
Cervical (Divisions of the Back)
neck region
Thoracic (Divisions of the Back)
chest region
Lumbar (Divisions of the Back)
loin (waist) region
Sacral (Divisions of the Back)
sacrum region
Coccygeal (Divisions of the Back)
coccyx region
Vertebra
single backbone
Vertebrae
backbones
Spinal Column
bone tissues surrounding the spinal cavity
Spinal Cord
nervous tissue within the spinal cavity
Disc
pad of cartilage between vertebrae
Chromosomal Abnormality
any deviation from the normal 23 pairs chromosome arrangement
T or F | The Sacral and Coccygeal are fused together?
True
