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MT > Chapter 2: Cells, Body Cavities, Divisions of the Spine, & Body Planes > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Cells, Body Cavities, Divisions of the Spine, & Body Planes Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A

fundamental; smallest living unit; everywhere in the human body (tissue, organ, etc.)

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2
Q

What do all cells contain?

A

a gelatinous substance composed of water, protein, sugar, acids, fats, and other various minerals

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3
Q

Ribosomes

A

small granules that help the cell make proteins

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4
Q

Cell Membrane

A

surrounds and protects the cell; regulates what passes in and out of the cell

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

controls the operation of the cell; directs cell division and determines the structure and function of the cell

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6
Q

Chromosome

A

rod like structures within the nucleus

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7
Q

T or F | All human body cells (except sex cells, the egg and sperm) contain 23 pairs (46) of chromosomes.

A

True

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8
Q

T or F | Each sperm and egg cell have only 23 individual unpaired chromosomes.

A

True

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9
Q

T or F | After an egg and some cell unite to form the embryo, each cell of the embryo then has 46 chromosomes (23 pairs).

A

True

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10
Q

Chromosomes contain regions called what?

A

genes

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11
Q

How many genes are in an orderly sequence on every chromosome?

A

several thousand

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12
Q

Genes contain a chemical called what?

A

DNA

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13
Q

DNA

A

directs the activities of the cell such as cell division and synthesis of proteins; regulates the activities of the cell according to its sequence (arrangement into genes) on each chromosome

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14
Q

Karyotype

A

a photograph of an individual’s chromosomes arranged by size, shape, and number

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15
Q

What is the 23rd chromosome pair in males?

A

XY

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16
Q

What is the 23rd chromosome pair in females?

A

XX

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17
Q

Cyt/o

A

cell

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18
Q

-plasm

A

formation

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19
Q

Cytoplasm

A

all of the material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus; carries on the work of the cell; contains a specialized apparatus to supply the chemical needs of the cell

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20
Q

Mitochondria

A

provide the principal source of energy for the cell; use nutrients and oxygen to release energy that is stored in food; tied to catabolism

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21
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

a network (reticulum) of canals within the cell; manufactures proteins for the cells

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22
Q

Ribosome

A

attached to the endoplasmic reticulum; build long chains of protein

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23
Q

What are some examples of important proteins for cell growth?

A

-hormones -enzymes

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24
Q

What two processes makes up metabolism?

A

anabolism and catabolism

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25
Q

Anabolism

A

process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids (Ana means up; bol means to cast; ism means process)

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26
Q

Catabolism

A

process where complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released (cata means down; bol means to cast; ism means process)

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27
Q

Cell Membrane

A

structure surrounding and protecting a cell; determines what enters and leaves

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28
Q

Gene

A

regions of DNA within each chromosome

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29
Q

What secretes a hormone that stimulates metabolism in cells?

A

the thyroid gland secretes thyroid hormone (thyroxine or T4)

30
Q

Androgen

A

male hormones

31
Q

Anabolic Steroids

A

drugs similar to androgens (male hormones) in their effects on the body; build up protein within cells

32
Q

Tissue

A

a group of similar cells working together to do a specific job

33
Q

Histologist

A

specialist who studies tissues

34
Q

Viscera (singular: viscus)

A

internal organs

35
Q

What’s the order from smallest to largest?

A

cell - tissues - organs - systems

36
Q

Musculoskeletal

A

muscles, bones, joints

37
Q

Skin Organs

A

skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, sebaceous (oil) glands

38
Q

Sense Organs

A

eye, ear, nose, and tongue

39
Q

Cartilage

A

flexible connective tissues often attached to bones at joints

40
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

space surrounding each lung

41
Q

Peritoneum

A

the membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity

42
Q

Pelvic

A

portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters; uterus and vagina in the female

43
Q

Spinal

A

nerves of the spinal cord

44
Q

Spinal Disc

A

a pad of cartilage that acts as a cushion between each backbone of the spinal column

45
Q

Ascites

A

a collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity in the event of inflammation or disease

46
Q

Pleural Effusion

A

a collection of fluid in the pleural cavity in the event of inflammation or disease

47
Q

What’s the difference between the spinal column and spinal cord?

A

Spinal Column
- backbones; vertebrae; bone tissue

Spinal Cord
- nerves surrounded by the column; nervous tissue

48
Q

Herniated Disc (Slipped Disc)

A

when a spinal disc moves out of place and puts pressure on a nerve causing pain

49
Q

How are the spaces between vertebrae identified?

A

according to the two vertebrae between which they occur

50
Q

RUQ (Abdominopelvic Region)

A

right upper quadrant

51
Q

LUQ (Abdominopelvic Region)

A

left upper quadrant

52
Q

RLQ (Abdominopelvic Region)

A

right lower quadrant

53
Q

LLQ (Abdominopelvic Region)

A

left lower quadrant

54
Q

Hypochondriac (Abdominopelvic Region)

A

right and left upper regions beneath the ribs

55
Q

Epigastric (Abdominopelvic Region)

A

middle upper region above the stomach

56
Q

Lumbar (Abdominopelvic Region)

A

right and left middle regions near the waist

57
Q

Umbilical (Abdominopelvic Region)

A

central region near the navel

58
Q

Inguinal (Abdominopelvic Region)

A

right and left lower regions near the groin; also called iliac region

59
Q

Hypogastric (Abdominopelvic Region)

A

middle lower region below the umbilical region

60
Q

Cervical (Divisions of the Back)

A

neck region

61
Q

Thoracic (Divisions of the Back)

A

chest region

62
Q

Lumbar (Divisions of the Back)

A

loin (waist) region

63
Q

Sacral (Divisions of the Back)

A

sacrum region

64
Q

Coccygeal (Divisions of the Back)

A

coccyx region

65
Q

Vertebra

A

single backbone

66
Q

Vertebrae

A

backbones

67
Q

Spinal Column

A

bone tissues surrounding the spinal cavity

68
Q

Spinal Cord

A

nervous tissue within the spinal cavity

69
Q

Disc

A

pad of cartilage between vertebrae

70
Q

Chromosomal Abnormality

A

any deviation from the normal 23 pairs chromosome arrangement

71
Q

T or F | The Sacral and Coccygeal are fused together?

A

True

MT (9 decks)

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