Chapter 2- Cells

Question 1

Shared basic cellular functions

Answer 1

Growth
Response to stimuli
Energy use

Question 2

Totipotent Stem Cells

Answer 2

Can become any cell type or entire organism

Question 3

Pluripotent Stem Cells

Answer 3

Can become any cell type

Question 4

Multipotent Stem Cells

Answer 4

Can become a few specific cell types

Question 5

Interphase

Answer 5

Non-dividing stages in cell cycle
Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2

Question 6

Mitosis

Answer 6

Division of nucleus and segregation of chromosomes
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis

Question 7

Prophase

Answer 7

DNA Coils and condenses
Spindles form

Question 8

Metaphase

Answer 8

Chromosomes attach to spindles and align on the metaphase plate

Question 9

Anaphase

Answer 9

Centromeres are pulled apart by spindles

Question 10

Telophase

Answer 10

Spindles dissolve
Nucleoli reform
Cell elongates

Question 11

Cytokinesis

Answer 11

Division and cleavage of the cytoplasm

Question 12

Necrosis

Answer 12

Unorganized cell death

Question 13

Apoptosis

Answer 13

Programmed cell death
Mediated by caspases that degrade DNA and enzymes to prepare for phagocytosis

Question 14

Inborn Errors of metabolism

Answer 14

Carbohydrates: Galactosemia, fructosuria, Hereditary Fructose Intolerance
Protein: Maple Syrup Urine Disease
Lipids: MCAD

Question 15

Galactosemia

Answer 15

Mutation in galactose 1-phosphate uridyl transferase
Cannot convert galactose to glucose
Galactose 1-phosphate accumulates in the liver
Treated by limiting galactose and lactose from diet

Question 16

Fructosuria

Answer 16

Mutation in hepatic fructokinase
Fructose cannot be converted to fructose 1-phosphate
Fructose accumulates and is expelled in urine

Question 17

Hereditary Fructose Intolerance (HFI)

Answer 17

Mutation in fructoaldolase
Fructose 1-phosphate cannot be utilized and accumulated in liver, kidneys, and intestines
Presents at 1-3 years old
Treated by reducing fructose from diet

Question 18

Maple Syrup Urine Disease

Answer 18

Deficiency in BCKAD
Cannot break down leucine, isoleucine, or valine
Amino acids accumulate and damage nervous tissues
Treated by limiting BCAA from diet

Question 19

MCAD

Answer 19

Mutation in medium chain Acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase
Cannot break down fatty acids through beta-oxidation
Triggered by periods of fasting
Treated by frequent, low fat meals

Question 20

Peroxisome Functions

Answer 20

Synthesis of bile and plasmogens
Degradation of VLCFAs
Oxidation using hydrogen peroxide
Function in liver detoxification

Question 21

Zellweger Spectrum Disorder (ZSD)

Answer 21

Reduction or absence of peroxisomes, empty vessels
Mutation in PEX peroxin gene responsible for importing enzymes

Question 22

X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy

Answer 22

Mutation in ABCD1 gene
Accumulation of VLCFA disrupts adrenal cortex and myelin functions
Child cerebral form
Adrenomyeloneuropathy

Question 23

Lysosome Functions

Answer 23

Catalyze breakdown of complex macromolecules
Become large and numerous during dysfunction

Question 24

Gaucher Disease

Answer 24

Mutation in glucocerebrosidase (GBA)
Cannot break down glucocerebroside, accumulates

Question 25

Gaucher Cell

Answer 25

Macrophage full of glucocerebroside-accumulated lysosomes
Interferes with function

Question 26

Tay Sachs Disease

Answer 26

Mutation in HEX A Gene
Common in Ashkenazi Jews
Inability to degrade ganglioside GM2- Accumulates in CNS
Causes death within 2-4 years

Question 27

Ciliopathies

Answer 27

Abnormally structured or functioning cilia
Wide-ranging disorders

Question 28

Biedel-Bardet Syndrome

Answer 28

Multisystemic, congenital syndrome
Mutation in BBS genes
Renal and gonadal hypoplasia, polydactyl, vision loss, and intellectual impairment

Question 29

Giant Axonal Neuropathy

Answer 29

Mutation in gigaxonin (GAN) Gene
Defects in intermediate fiber degradation
Neurons swell due to accumulation of neurofilaments
Progressive neurodegenerative disorder
Associated with red, kinky hair