Chapter 10- Transcription and Translation Flashcards

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1
Q

Genetic Code Characteristics

A

Degenerate
Unambiguous
Non-overlapping, non-punctuated
Nearly Universal

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2
Q

Gene

A

Sequence of DNA that makes a functional product (Protein or RNA)

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3
Q

Common Promoter Element

A

TATA Box- Helps DNA polymerase bind

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4
Q

What percent of DNA encodes transcription factors?

A

8%

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5
Q

Cis Regulatory Elements

A

Enhancers
Insulators
Silencers

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6
Q

Enhancers

A

Facilitate RNA polymerase binding

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7
Q

Insulator

A

Sequence between enhancer and promoter that limits non-target gene transcription

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8
Q

Silencers

A

Repress gene expression by limiting RNA polymerase binding

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9
Q

Activators

A

Bind to enhancers

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10
Q

Repressors

A

Bind to silencers

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11
Q

Elongation

A

RNA polymerase reads template and adds bases in 5’ to 3’ direction

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12
Q

Termination

A

DNA sequence prompts RNA polymerase unbinding

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13
Q

Post-Transcription Processing Mechanisms

A

Spicling
5’ Capping
Poly-A Tail

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14
Q

Splicing

A

Exons connected while introns spliced out
Completed by spliceosome
Directed by consensus-RNA motif
Many mRNA can be made by single gene with alternative splicing

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15
Q

5’ capping

A

Methylated guanine added to 5’ end of mRNA to facilitate splicing and ribosome binding

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16
Q

Poly-A tail

A

100-250 adenines added to 3’ end of mRNA to increase stability

17
Q

Genetic Basis of Prostate Cancer

A

Chromosome 8, region 8q24 mutation
MYC gene- proto-oncogene
Mutations in PVT1 (normal enhanced product) make enhancer interact with MYC gene to cause tumor growth

18
Q

tRNA

A

75-80 bases that contain anticodon and amino acid binding region

19
Q

Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase

A

Catalyzed addition of amino acid to tRNA
One enzyme per amino acid

20
Q

Translation initiation

A

Leader mRNA binds to small ribosome to line up start codon (AUG- methionine) to initiation complex

21
Q

Translation Elongation

A

Large ribosome binds
tRNA binds to mRNA codons
rRNA ribozyme catalyzes peptide bond

22
Q

Translation Termination

A

When ribosome reads stop codon, polypeptide is released and ribosome dissociates

23
Q

Wobble Effect

A

3rd position of mRNA codon and 1st position of tRNA anticodon are non-specific

24
Q

Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT)

A

Defects in glycyl tRNA synthetase (GARS)
Glycine is unable to be added during translation
Dominant mutation
Progressive degeneration of distal neurons
Muscle weakness, atrophy, decreased motor skills

25
Q

Post-translational modifications

A

Cleavage
Formation of quaternary structures
Signal sequences removed
Addition of chemical groups

26
Q

Ubiquitin

A

Tag for misfolded or excess proteins to mark for degradation by proteasome

27
Q

Prions

A

PrPc is normal brain protein
PrPsc is scrapie version, misfolded that accumulates and resists degradation
PrPsc contact with PrPc causes propagation of misfolding
Causes death of neuron and eventually organism

28
Q

Prion diseases

A

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)
Humans- Kuru
Muscle weakness, atrophy, loss of smooth muscle function, and death