Chapter 2 - Cell injury Flashcards
Give me 4 examples of FRs
- Acetaminophen
- CCl4
- NO
- LDL
Way of action of NO as a FR
It is produced in macrophages and endothelial cells.
Reacts with superoxide FRs and forms a potent FR peroxynitrate, that is bacteriocidal
Tell me substances for neutralization of free radicals
- Superoxide dismutase
- Glutathione peroxidase
- Catalase in peroxisomes
- Vits A,C,E
Acetaminophen in association with NSAIDs may cause what?
Renal papillary necrosis (FR injury of kidneys)
Treatment of acetaminophen poisoning
N-Acetylcysteine
Molecules involved in reperfusion injury in AMI
- Superoxide FRs
- Increase in cytosolic Ca2+
- Neutrophils
What kind of FRs are produced in the retinopathy (blindness) of prematurity?
Superoxide FRs
What kind of FRs are produced in iron and copper overload disorders?
Hydroxyl FRs, from Fenton reaction
Consequences of iron overload states
- Cirrhosis
2. Exocrine/endocrine dysfunction of pancreas
Consequences of copper overload states (Wilson d.)
- Cirrhosis
2. Damage to lenticular nuclei of brain
What is the effect of FR damage in the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic membrane?
Production of fatty acid FRs-> these react with molecular O2 -> to produce peroxyl-fatty acid radicals (called lipid peroxydation)
Tell me 2 drugs that inhibit cytochrome P450 system
- Omeprazole
2. Cimetidine
How do the chemotherapeutic drugs etoposide and bleomycin act?
They inhibit the synthesis of tubulin. So no microtubules are synthesized. This normally happens in the G2 phase.
How do Vinca alkaloids and colchicine act?
They bind to tubulin in microtubules, and so intefere with the assembly of the mitotic spindle
How does paclitaxel act?
Enhances tubulin polymerization, and so inteferes with the disassembly of the mitotic spindle
What are mallory bodies and where do I dind them?
They are ubiquinated cytokeratin intermediate filaments in helatocytes in alcoholic liver disease. Appear as eosinophilic inclusion bodies in hepatocytes.
What are Lewy bodies and where do I find them?
They are ubiquinated neurofilaments in idiopathic Parkinson disease. Appear as eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions in degenerating substantia nigra neurons.
What are the consequences of lead poisoning?
- Sideroblastic anemia
2. Dysfunction of proximal tubule (ATN)
Liver fatty change: in which form is LDL accumulated?
VLDL
Ferritin, hemisiderin. Which circulates in the serum?
Ferritin. Hemosiderin is an insoluble product of ferritin degradation in lysosomes.
Where do I find ferritin?
- Macrophages (bone marrow most common site)
- Hepatocytes (2nd MC site)
- Small amounts circulate in serum
Gimme 3 examples of dystrophic calcification
- Calcification of chronic pancreatitis
- Calcified atherosclerotic plaques
- Periventricular calcification in congenital CMV infection
Gimme 2 examples of metastatic calcification
- Nephrocalcinocis ( calcification of renal
tubular BMs in the collecting ducts) -> causes NDI and Renal Failure - Calcification in the lungs -> respiratory problems
Why can CF produce type I DM?
Thick pancreatic excresions-> increased luminal back pressure and compression atrophy of the exocrine glands -> eventually all of the pancreas is damaged including the islet cells-> type I DM
LV hypertrophy occurs in response to increased preload or afterload?
It can occur in both situations
Which virus causes cell enlargement and via which mechanism ?
CMV. Virus increases the uptake of iron into the cytosol, which increases growth of cell
Where do I find labile cells (stem cells)?
- Bone Marrow
- Crypts of Lieberkuhn
- Basal layer of epidermis
3 examples of stable cells
- Hepatocytes
- Astrocytes
- SM cells
Which pathogen causes metaplasia from transitional to squamous epithelium?
Schistosoma haematobium infection in the urinary bladder
Which is the MCC of coagulation necrosis?
Intercellular accumulation of lactate
Tissues presenting pale (ischemic) infarctions rather than hemorrhagic (red) ones?
Heart, kidney, spleen
Tissues presenting hemorrhagic(red) infarctions rather than pale (ischemic) ones?
Lungs, small bowel, testicle
Excess alcohol consumption activates … and … and leads to …….
Pancreatic lipase and phospholipase.
Hydrolysis of TGs in fat cells with the release of FAs. (enzymatic fat necrosis)
Calcium combines with the FAs to produce soap. (saponification). Dystrophic calcification commonly occurs in areas of saponification.
Situations that I have fibrinoid necrosis
- Immune vasculitis (PN, HSP)
- Malignant HTN
- Reumatic fever
Corticosteroid destruction of B and T lymphocytes is an example of …
Apoptosis
