Chapter 2 - Cell injury

Question 1

Give me 4 examples of FRs

Answer 1

1. Acetaminophen
2. CCl4
3. NO
4. LDL

Question 2

Way of action of NO as a FR

Answer 2

It is produced in macrophages and endothelial cells.

Reacts with superoxide FRs and forms a potent FR peroxynitrate, that is bacteriocidal

Question 3

Tell me substances for neutralization of free radicals

Answer 3

1. Superoxide dismutase
2. Glutathione peroxidase
3. Catalase in peroxisomes
4. Vits A,C,E

Question 4

Acetaminophen in association with NSAIDs may cause what?

Answer 4

Renal papillary necrosis (FR injury of kidneys)

Question 5

Treatment of acetaminophen poisoning

Answer 5

N-Acetylcysteine

Question 6

Molecules involved in reperfusion injury in AMI

Answer 6

1. Superoxide FRs
2. Increase in cytosolic Ca2+
3. Neutrophils

Question 7

What kind of FRs are produced in the retinopathy (blindness) of prematurity?

Answer 7

Superoxide FRs

Question 8

What kind of FRs are produced in iron and copper overload disorders?

Answer 8

Hydroxyl FRs, from Fenton reaction

Question 9

Consequences of iron overload states

Answer 9

1. Cirrhosis

2. Exocrine/endocrine dysfunction of pancreas

Question 10

Consequences of copper overload states (Wilson d.)

Answer 10

1. Cirrhosis

2. Damage to lenticular nuclei of brain

Question 11

What is the effect of FR damage in the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic membrane?

Answer 11

Production of fatty acid FRs-> these react with molecular O2 -> to produce peroxyl-fatty acid radicals (called lipid peroxydation)

Question 12

Tell me 2 drugs that inhibit cytochrome P450 system

Answer 12

1. Omeprazole

2. Cimetidine

Question 13

How do the chemotherapeutic drugs etoposide and bleomycin act?

Answer 13

They inhibit the synthesis of tubulin. So no microtubules are synthesized. This normally happens in the G2 phase.

Question 14

How do Vinca alkaloids and colchicine act?

Answer 14

They bind to tubulin in microtubules, and so intefere with the assembly of the mitotic spindle

Question 15

How does paclitaxel act?

Answer 15

Enhances tubulin polymerization, and so inteferes with the disassembly of the mitotic spindle

Question 16

What are mallory bodies and where do I dind them?

Answer 16

They are ubiquinated cytokeratin intermediate filaments in helatocytes in alcoholic liver disease. Appear as eosinophilic inclusion bodies in hepatocytes.

Question 17

What are Lewy bodies and where do I find them?

Answer 17

They are ubiquinated neurofilaments in idiopathic Parkinson disease. Appear as eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions in degenerating substantia nigra neurons.

Question 18

What are the consequences of lead poisoning?

Answer 18

1. Sideroblastic anemia

2. Dysfunction of proximal tubule (ATN)

Question 19

Liver fatty change: in which form is LDL accumulated?

Answer 19

VLDL

Question 20

Ferritin, hemisiderin. Which circulates in the serum?

Answer 20

Ferritin. Hemosiderin is an insoluble product of ferritin degradation in lysosomes.

Question 21

Where do I find ferritin?

Answer 21

1. Macrophages (bone marrow most common site)
2. Hepatocytes (2nd MC site)
3. Small amounts circulate in serum

Question 22

Gimme 3 examples of dystrophic calcification

Answer 22

1. Calcification of chronic pancreatitis
2. Calcified atherosclerotic plaques
3. Periventricular calcification in congenital CMV infection

Question 23

Gimme 2 examples of metastatic calcification

Answer 23

1. Nephrocalcinocis ( calcification of renal
   tubular BMs in the collecting ducts) -> causes NDI and Renal Failure
2. Calcification in the lungs -> respiratory problems

Question 24

Why can CF produce type I DM?

Answer 24

Thick pancreatic excresions-> increased luminal back pressure and compression atrophy of the exocrine glands -> eventually all of the pancreas is damaged including the islet cells-> type I DM

Question 25

LV hypertrophy occurs in response to increased preload or afterload?

Answer 25

It can occur in both situations

Question 26

Which virus causes cell enlargement and via which mechanism ?

Answer 26

CMV. Virus increases the uptake of iron into the cytosol, which increases growth of cell

Question 27

Where do I find labile cells (stem cells)?

Answer 27

1. Bone Marrow 2. Crypts of Lieberkuhn 3. Basal layer of epidermis

Question 28

3 examples of stable cells

Answer 28

1. Hepatocytes 2. Astrocytes 3. SM cells

Question 29

Which pathogen causes metaplasia from transitional to squamous epithelium?

Answer 29

Schistosoma haematobium infection in the urinary bladder

Question 30

Which is the MCC of coagulation necrosis?

Answer 30

Intercellular accumulation of lactate

Question 31

Tissues presenting pale (ischemic) infarctions rather than hemorrhagic (red) ones?

Answer 31

Heart, kidney, spleen

Question 32

Tissues presenting hemorrhagic(red) infarctions rather than pale (ischemic) ones?

Answer 32

Lungs, small bowel, testicle

Question 33

Excess alcohol consumption activates ... and ... and leads to .......

Answer 33

Pancreatic lipase and phospholipase. Hydrolysis of TGs in fat cells with the release of FAs. (enzymatic fat necrosis) Calcium combines with the FAs to produce soap. (saponification). Dystrophic calcification commonly occurs in areas of saponification.

Question 34

Situations that I have fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 34

1. Immune vasculitis (PN, HSP) 2. Malignant HTN 3. Reumatic fever

Question 35

Corticosteroid destruction of B and T lymphocytes is an example of ...

Answer 35

Apoptosis