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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY > CHAPTER 2: CELL ADAPTATION, INJURY, & DEATH > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2: CELL ADAPTATION, INJURY, & DEATH Flashcards

1
Q

Cellular Adaptation is..

A

cell response to stressors to maintain homeostasis
- change in size, number, phenotype, metabolic activity, function

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2
Q

Atrophy: physiologic vs. pathologic

A

DECREASE in cell size due to DEC in DEMAND

physio: occurs w early development, age-related changes (ovary atrophy post menopause)

pathologic: occurs result of decrease in WORKLOAD

use it or LOSE IT!

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3
Q

Pathologic Atrophy

A

disuse: dec in skeletal musc from dec workload

denervation: dec musc in paralzed limbs

ischemia: dec blood supply

additional:
- loss encodrine stimulation
- inadequate nutrition

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4
Q

Hypertrophy: physiologic vs pathologic

A

INC cell size and function from INC workload

physiologic: inc demand, stimulation by hormones and growth factors

pathologic: chronic hemodynamic overload

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5
Q

Physiologic Hypertrophy

A

inc in skeletal muscle mass from inc workload/exercise

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6
Q

Pathologic Hypertrophy

A

adaptive: myocardial hypertrophy (from hypertension)
compensatory: enlargement of remaining organ/tissue after portion has been removed

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7
Q

Hyperplasia

A

INC in # of cells, requires mitosis
(epidermis, intestinal epithelium, etc..)

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8
Q

Physiologic Hyperplasia

A

hormonal: in organs that respond to endocrine hormonal stimulation

compensatory: enables organs to regenerate (epidermis, intestinal epi, hepatocytes)

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9
Q

Pathologic Hormonal Hyperplasia

A

excessive hormonal stimulation
ex) thyroid enlargement, benign prostatic hyperplasia, endometrial hyperplasia

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10
Q

Dysplasia

A

aka atypical hyperplasia

  • abnormal changes in size, shape, organization of mature cells
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11
Q

Metaplasia

A

1 cell type replaced by another dude to stress/injurious stimuli

ex) chronic smoker will change from ciliated columnar epithelial cells in trachea TO stratified squamous epithelium
- NO mucus or cilia=lost protective mech.

ex) GERD

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12
Q

Cell Injury/Death occurs…

A

when the cell is unable to maintain homeostasis

  • reversible if stimulus is mild or transient
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13
Q

Cell Injury: Hypoxia

A

cell is deprived of oxygen, interrupts oxidative metabolism and ATP generation

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14
Q

Hypoxia may result in

A
  • power failure in cell
  • acute cellular swelling –> edema
  • induces inflammation
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15
Q

Hypoxemia

A

PaO2 below normal due to environmental or resp disease
- high altitude or emphysema

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16
Q

Ischemia

A

dec perfusion (vasoconstrict) due to cardiac or vasc disorder
- arteriosclerosis or embolus

17
Q

Anemia

A

O2 carrying capacity is reduced due to loss of Hb or Hb function
- dec RBC production.

18
Q

Hypoxic Cell injury results in…

A

aerobic metabolism stopping –> dec ATP—> active transport mechanisms stop working

19
Q

Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

A

restoration of blood flow and oxygen to ischemic tissues

20
Q

Free Radicals and ROS

A

free radical: uncharged atom has unpaired electron

reactive oxygen species: formed natural oxidant species during respiration

21
Q

Lead Toxicity

A
  • sources: flaking paint, lead contaminated water/pipes
  • absorbed into blood through GIT, resp tract
  • causes lead colic/abdominal pain, pigmented gums, nervous system
22
Q

Infectious Injury

A

viruses enter cell and incorporate into DNA synthetic machinery
- bacteria produce endotoxins that interfere w ATP production

23
Q

Xeroderma Pigmentosum

A

dry pigmented skin
- rare autosomal recessive disorder
- result of nucleotide excision repair enzymes being mutated –> unable to repair UV damage to DNA

24
Q

Lipids and Carbs

A

Accumulation of lipid in liver
- steatosis (fatty changes of liver)

25
Q

Water

A

cellular swelling
- reversible, in hypoxic injury

26
Q

Calcification

A

cellular calcification
- calcium salts accumulate in injured, dead tissues

  • dystrophic calc: in DEAD or dying tissue (pulm TB, damaged heart valves)
  • metastatic calc: in NORMAL tissue (renal tubules, blood vessels)
27
Q

Hypercalcemia causes

A
  • hyperparathyroidism
  • vit D intox
  • hyperthyroidism
  • addison disease
28
Q

Antioxidants

A

molecules that inhibit oxidation of other molecules
- inactivate free radicals

ex) vit A, C, E, CoQ10, Zinc, Glutathione

29
Q

Xenobiotics

A

toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic chemicals
- cause direct toxicity to the cell
- ex) drugs (alc), carbon monoxide, lead tox, mercury

30
Q

Radiation Injury

A

ionizing (xrays, gamma)
- dsDNA breaks, free radicals released, vasc damage

UV radiation
- sunburn, inc risk of cancer, DNA damage

31
Q

Cell Death

A

Apoptosis: cell suicide
Necrosis: cell murder (programmed)

32
Q

Necrosis

A

liquefactive, coagulative, caseous, fat

33
Q

Gangrene

A

dry: from coagulative necrosis, skin dry and shriveled

wet: tissue swollen, black color, rapid spread

34
Q
A

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (7 decks)

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